1 Big ideas and Research That Guide the Profession | p. 1 |
The Language-Based Theory of Learning | p. 2 |
Universals and Specifics of Language and Literacy | p. 3 |
Literacy: A Universal Human Right or a Privilege? | p. 4 |
The Interaction of Two Developing Systems | p. 5 |
English as a New Language: Four Domains and the Fifth Domain | p. 6 |
Language-Centered Factors Influencing SLA | p. 8 |
Nonlinguistic Influences on SLA | p. 10 |
Language Teaching Approaches and Methods and the Role of Reading | p. 12 |
Content-Based Instruction | p. 15 |
CBI Based Instructional Models | p. 17 |
The Influence of Vygotsky's Theories on Second-Language Learning | p. 17 |
Deficit Theory | p. 18 |
Research into Effective Teaching Strategies for ELLs | p. 20 |
2 First-Language Influence in Second-Language Acquisition | p. 28 |
The Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis | p. 29 |
Language as an Innate Human Endowment | p. 29 |
The Interdependence Hypothesis | p. 30 |
Sociocultural Theory | p. 31 |
L2 Reading Models | p. 31 |
Language Distance or Linguistic Proximity | p. 35 |
The Problem with "Transfer" | p. 37 |
Cross-Linguistic Influence | p. 38 |
Examples of PCI | p. 38 |
Non-Effects | p. 41 |
Metalinguistic Awareness Facilitates the Study of New Languages | p. 41 |
How LI Reading Differs from Reading in a New Language | p. 43 |
Literacy-Related Hypotheses about SLA | p. 44 |
Performance Definitions for ELLs | p. 51 |
3 ELL Oracy: Listening Comprehension and Oral Language Development | p. 55 |
Listening Comprehension in English as a New Language | p. 56 |
Probabilistic Reasoning | p. 61 |
Oral Proficiency in English as a New Language | p. 69 |
4 Learning to Read, Write, and Spell Words in English as a New Language | p. 81 |
How Word Recognition Occurs in English | p. 82 |
Probabilistic Reasoning for Reading | p. 83 |
Major Kinds of Writing Systems | p. 84 |
5 Using Morphemes to Learn Vocabulary | p. 112 |
Morphemes: The Building Blocks of Words | p. 113 |
English, a Morphophonemic Language | p. 113 |
Morphemes through Different Lenses | p. 118 |
Two Major Categories of English Morphemes | p. 119 |
Morpheme Study in the Classroom | p. 128 |
6 Word Formation Processes, Cognates, and Collocations | p. 140 |
Vocabulary: The Bottom Line for Reading in Any Language | p. 141 |
English, a Richly Generative Language | p. 141 |
Using Cognates | p. 149 |
Collocations: Phrasal Verbs, Idioms, and Listemes | p. 156 |
7 "The Same, but Different": Reading Fluency in English as a New Language | p. 171 |
A Working Definition of Fluency | p. 171 |
Automaticity Theory | p. 172 |
Measuring Reading Comprehension | p. 173 |
ELLs and Fluency Research | p. 175 |
Fluency Instruction | p. 175 |
Success in Fluency Instruction for ELLs | p. 179 |
Problems with Fluency Assessments | p. 182 |
Problems Specific to ELLs | p. 184 |
8 Achieving Comprehension in L2 English Reading | p. 199 |
Comprehending Connected Text in a New Language Is Hard! | p. 200 |
Strategy Use by L1 Learners | p. 202 |
Word-Learning Strategies | p. 203 |
Phrase- and Sentence-Level Reading Strategies | p. 210 |
Paragraph- and Discourse-Level Reading Strategies | p. 213 |
Metacognitive Strategies | p. 217 |
Extensive Reading Develops All of the Strategies | p. 221 |
Additional Ideas for Developing Classroom and School Resources | p. 224 |
9 Writing to Learn in English across the Curriculum | p. 229 |
Interactions between Reading and Writing | p. 230 |
Written Language: Not Just Frozen Speech! | p. 231 |
A Change in the Philosophy of LI Writing | p. 233 |
Process Writing and Writing Workshop | p. 234 |
Writing Workshop and ELLs' Writing Needs | p. 236 |
Instructional Settings | p. 238 |
A Framework for Analyzing School Writing Tasks | p. 239 |
Mistakes and Errors in ELL Writing | p. 244 |
Cultural Aspects of Writing in English | p. 245 |
Understanding Plagiarism | p. 246 |
Spelling and Handwriting | p. 246 |
Guidance from the English Language Proficiency Standards | p. 247 |
10 Literacy, Language Learning, and the Digital Revolution | p. 258 |
Changes to Literacy | p. 259 |
Changes in the Teaching and Learning of Languages | p. 268 |
New Roles for Teachers and Learners | p. 270 |
New Literacies | p. 271 |
Digital Literacy as a Content Area | p. 272 |
Online Databases Now Available to Teachers | p. 273 |
Glossary | p. 285 |
References | p. 305 |
Index | p. 325 |