{{other uses|Schrödinger (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox scientist

|name = Erwin Schrödinger

|image = Erwin Schrödinger.jpg

|image_size =

|birth_name = Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger

|birth_date = {{birth date|1887|8|12|df=y}}

|birth_place = [[Vienna]], [[Austria-Hungary]]

|death_date = {{death date and age|1961|1|4|1887|8|12|df=y}}

|death_place = Vienna, Austria

|citizenship = Austria, Ireland

|nationality = Austrian, Irish

|fields = [[Physics]]

|workplaces = [[University of Breslau]]<br /> [[University of Zürich]]<br /> [[Humboldt University of Berlin]]<br />

[[University of Oxford]]<br /> [[University of Graz]]<br /> [[Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies]]<br /> [[Ghent University]]

|alma_mater = [[University of Vienna]]

|doctoral_advisor = [[Friedrich Hasenöhrl]]

|academic_advisors = [[Franz S. Exner]]<br />[[Friedrich Hasenöhrl]]

|doctoral_students =

|notable_students = [[Linus Pauling]]<br />[[Felix Bloch]]<br />[[Brendan Scaife]]

|known_for = '''[[Schrödinger equation]]'''<br />[[Schrödinger's cat]]<br />[[Schrödinger method]]<br />[[Schrödinger functional]]<br />[[Schrödinger picture]]<br />[[Schrödinger-Newton equations]]<br />[[Schrödinger field]]<br />[[Møller-Plesset perturbation theory#Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory|Rayleigh-Schrödinger perturbation]]<br />[[Schrödinger logic]]s<br />[[Cat state]]

|spouse = Annemarie Bertel (1920–61)<ref name="Moore1992">{{cite book| first =Walter J | last = Moore|title=Schrödinger, life and thought|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=m-YF1glKWLoC&pg=PR10|accessdate=7 November 2011|date= 29 May 1992|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43767-7|pages=10–}}</ref>

|awards = {{nowrap|[[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1933)}}<br />[[Max Planck Medal]] (1937)

|signature = Erwin Schrödinger signature.svg

}}

[[Image:Erwin Schrodinger at U Vienna.JPG|thumb|thumb|Bust of Schrödinger, in the courtyard arcade of the main building, [[University of Vienna]], Austria]]

'''Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|ʃ|r|oʊ|d|ɪ|ŋ|ər}}; {{IPA-de|ˈɛʁviːn ˈʃʁøːdɪŋɐ|lang}}; 12 August 1887&nbsp;– 4 January 1961), was an [[Austrians|Austrian]] who as a [[physicist]] wrote a number of fundamental results in the field of [[quantum theory]], which formed the basis of wave mechanics: he formulated the wave equation (stationary and time-dependent Schrödinger equation) revealed the identity of his development of the formalism and [[matrix mechanics]]. Schrödinger proposed an original interpretation of the physical meaning of the wave function, and in subsequent years, has repeatedly criticized the conventional Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics (the paradox of "Schrödinger cat" and so on). In addition, he is the author of many works in various fields of physics, [[statistical mechanics]] and [[thermodynamics]], physics of dielectrics, [[color theory]], [[electrodynamics]], [[general relativity]] and [[cosmology]], and he made several attempts to construct a unified field theory. In his book "[[What is life?]]" Schrödinger addressed the problems of genetics, looking at the phenomenon of life from the point of view of physics. He paid great attention to the philosophical aspects of science, ancient and oriental philosophical concepts, ethics and religion.<ref name = "frs">{{cite doi|10.1098/rsbm.1961.0017}}</ref> He also wrote on philosophy and [[theoretical biology]].

== Biography ==

=== Early years ===

In 1887 Schrödinger was born in Vienna, Austria to Rudolf Schrödinger (cerecloth producer, botanist) and Georgine Emilia Brenda (daughter of Alexander Bauer, Professor of Chemistry, [[Vienna University of Technology|Technische Hochschule Vienna]]). He was their only child.

His mother was half Austrian and half English; his father was Catholic and his mother was Lutheran. Despite having a religious background, he later on became an atheist.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Life of Erwin Schrödinger|year=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521469340|pages=289–290|author=Walter J. Moore|accessdate=11 August 2012|quote=In one respect, however, he is not a romantic: he does not idealize the person of the beloved, his highest praise is to consider her his equal. "When you feel your own equal in the body of a beautiful woman, just as ready to forget the world for you as you for her - oh my good Lord - who can describe what happiness then. You can live it, now and again - you cannot speak of it." Of course, he does speak of it, and almost always with religious imagery. Yet at this time he also wrote, "By the way, I never realized that to be nonbelieving, to be an atheist, was a thing to be proud of. It went without saying as it were." And in another place at about this same time: "Our creed is indeed a queer creed. You others, Christians (and similar people), consider our ethics much inferior, indeed abominable. There is that little difference. We adhere to ours in practice, you don't." Whatever problems they may have had in their love affair, the pangs of conscience were not among them. Sheila was as much an unbeliever as Erwin, but in a less complex, more realistic way. She was never entirely convinced by his vedantic theology.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Spooky Physics|publisher=MSAC Philosophy Group|isbn=9781565430808|author=Andrea Diem-Lane|accessdate=11 August 2012|page=42|quote=In terms of religion, Schrodinger fits in the atheist camp. He even lost a marriage proposal to his love, Felicie Krauss, not only due to his social status but his lack of religious affiliation. He was known as a freethinker who did not believe in god. But interestingly Schrodinger had a deep connection to Hinduism, Buddhism, and Eastern philosophy in general. Erwin studied numerous books on Eastern thought as well as the Hindu scriptures. He was enthralled with Vedanta thought and connected ideas of oneness and unity of mind with his research on quantum physics, specifically wave mechanics.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title= A Life of Erwin Schrödinger|first= Walter|last= Moore|year= 1994 | publisher = Cambridge University Press|quote=Schopenhauer often called himself an atheist, as did Schrodinger, and if Buddhism and Vedanta can be truly described as atheistic religions, both the philosopher and his scientific disciple were indeed atheists. They both rejected the idea of a "personal God," and Schopenhauer thought that "pantheism is only a euphemism for atheism."|isbn=978-0-521-46934-0}}</ref>

Schrödinger graduated from the Akademisches Gymnasium in 1906 and, in that year, entered the University of Vienna. In theoretical physics he studied [[analytical mechanics]], applications of partial differential equations to dynamics, eigenvalue problems, [[Maxwell's equations]]and electromagnetic theory, [[optics]], [[thermodynamics]], and statistical mechanics. It was [[Fritz Hasenöhrl's]] lectures on theoretical physics which had the greatest influence on Schrödinger. In mathematics he was taught calculus and algebra by Franz Mertens, function theory, differential equations and mathematical statistics by [[Wilhelm Wirtinger]] (whom he found uninspiring as a lecturer). He also studied projective geometry, algebraic curves and continuous groups in lectures given by Gustav Kohn.<ref name="Schrödinger's Early Years">[http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Schrodinger.html Schrödinger's Early Years]</ref>

On 20 May 1910, Schrödinger was awarded his doctorate for the dissertation On the conduction of electricity on the surface of insulators in moist air. After this he undertook voluntary military service in the fortress artillery. Then he was appointed to an assistantship at Vienna but, rather surprisingly, in experimental physics rather than theoretical physics. He later said that his experiences conducting experiments proved an invaluable asset to his theoretical work since it gave him a practical philosophical framework in which to set his theoretical ideas.<ref name="Schrödinger's Early Years²">[http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Schrodinger.html Schrödinger's Early Years²]</ref>

He was also able to learn English outside of school, as his maternal grandmother was British.<ref name="hof1">{{cite book|last= Д. Хоффман. |title= Эрвин Шрёдингер|publisher= Мир |year=1987 |pages= 13–17}}</ref> Between 1906 and 1910 Schrödinger studied in Vienna under Franz Serafin Exner (1849–1926) and Friedrich Hasenöhrl (1874–1915). He also conducted experimental work with Karl Wilhelm Friedrich "Fritz" Kohlrausch.

In 1911 Schrödinger became an assistant to Exner. At an early age, Schrödinger was strongly influenced by [[Arthur Schopenhauer]]. As a result of his extensive reading of Schopenhauer's works, he became deeply interested throughout his life in color theory and philosophy. In his lecture "Mind and Matter," he said that "the world extended in space and time is but our representation." This is a repetition of the first words of Schopenhauer's main work.

=== Middle years ===

In 1914 Erwin Schrödinger achieved [[Habilitation]] (''venia legendi''). Between 1914 and 1918 he participated in war work as a commissioned officer in the Austrian fortress artillery ([[Gorizia]], [[Duino]], [[Sistiana]], Prosecco, Vienna). On 6 April 1920, Schrödinger married Annemarie Bertel in 1919 and Anny had come to work as a secretary in Vienna on a monthly salary which was more than Schrödinger's annual income. Then he was offered an associate professorship, still not at a salary large enough to support a non-working wife, so he declined. The same year, he became the assistant to [[Max Wien]], in [[Jena]], and in September 1920 he attained the position of ao. Prof. (''Ausserordentlicher Professor''), roughly equivalent to Reader (UK) or associate professor (US), in [[Stuttgart]]. In 1921, he became o. Prof. (''Ordentlicher Professor'', i.e. full professor), in [[Breslau University|Breslau]] (now [[Wrocław]], Poland). Schrödinger had worked at Vienna on [[radioactivity]], proving the statistical nature of radioactive decay. He had also made important contributions to the kinetic theory of solids, studying the dynamics of crystal lattices. On the strength of his work he was offered an associate professorship at Vienna in January 1920.

In 1921, he moved to the [[University of Zurich|University of Zürich]]. In 1927, he succeeded [[Max Planck]] at the [[Humboldt University of Berlin|Friedrich Wilhelm University]] in Berlin. In 1933, however, Schrödinger decided to leave Germany; he disliked the Nazis' [[anti-semitism]]. He became a Fellow of [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]] at the [[University of Oxford]]. Soon after he arrived, he received the [[Nobel Prize]] together with [[Paul Dirac]]. His position at Oxford did not work out; his unconventional personal life (Schrödinger lived with two women)<ref>Walter J. Moore. Schrödinger, life and thought, 278 ff.</ref> was not met with acceptance. In 1934, Schrödinger lectured at [[Princeton University]]; he was offered a permanent position there, but did not accept it. Again, his wish to set up house with his wife and his mistress may have posed a problem.<ref>Deutsche Biographie</ref> He had the prospect of a position at the [[University of Edinburgh]] but visa delays occurred, and in the end he took up a position at the [[University of Graz]] in Austria in 1936.

In the midst of these tenure issues in 1935, after extensive correspondence with [[Albert Einstein]], he proposed what is now called the [[Schrödinger's cat]] [[thought experiment]].

[[File:Erwin Schrodinger2.jpg|thumb|right|Erwin Schrödinger as a young scientist]]

=== Later years ===

In 1939, after the [[Anschluss]], Schrödinger had problems because of his flight from Germany in 1933 and his known opposition to [[Nazism]]. He issued a statement recanting this opposition (he later regretted doing so and personally apologized to [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]). However, this did not fully appease the new dispensation and the university dismissed him from his job for political unreliability. He suffered harassment and received instructions not to leave the country, but he and his wife fled to [[Italy]]. From there, he went to visiting positions in [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[Ghent University|Ghent]] Universities.{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}}

In 1940, he received a personal invitation from [[Ireland]]'s [[Taoiseach]], [[Éamon de Valera]], to reside in Ireland and agree to help establish an [[Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies|Institute for Advanced Studies]] in [[Dublin]]. He moved to [[Clontarf, Dublin]] and became the Director of the School for Theoretical Physics and remained there for 17 years. He became a naturalized Irish citizen in 1948, but retained his Austrian citizenship. He wrote about 50 further publications on various topics, including his explorations of [[classical unified field theories|unified field theory]].

In 1944, he wrote ''[[What is Life?]]'', which contains a discussion of [[negentropy]] and the concept of a complex [[molecule]] with the genetic code for living [[organism]]s. According to [[James D. Watson]]'s memoir, ''[[DNA]], the Secret of Life'', Schrödinger's book gave Watson the inspiration to research the [[gene]], which led to the discovery of the [[DNA]] [[double helix]] structure in 1953. Similarly, [[Francis Crick]], in his autobiographical book ''What Mad Pursuit'', described how he was influenced by Schrödinger's speculations about how genetic information might be stored in molecules. However, the geneticist and 1946 Nobel-prize winner [[H.J. Muller]] had in his 1922 article "Variation due to Change in the Individual Gene"<ref>American Naturalist 56 (1922)</ref> already laid out all the basic properties of the heredity molecule that Schrödinger derives from first principles in ''What is Life?'', properties which Muller refined in his 1929 article "The Gene As The Basis of Life"<ref>Proceedings of the International Congress of Plant Sciences 1 (1929)</ref> and further clarified during the 1930s, long before the publication of ''What is Life?''.<ref>In Pursuit of the Gene. From Darwin to DNA&nbsp;— By James Schwartz. Harvard University Press, 2008</ref>

Schrödinger stayed in Dublin until retiring in 1955. During this time he remained committed to his particular passion; involvements with students occurred{{Dubious|date=June 2012}} and he fathered two children by two different Irish women.<ref>Newworldencyclopedia</ref> He had a lifelong interest in the [[Vedanta]] philosophy of [[Hinduism]], which influenced his speculations at the close of ''What is Life?'' about the possibility that individual [[consciousness]] is only a manifestation of a unitary consciousness pervading the [[universe]].<ref>''My View of the World''Erwin Schrödinger chapter iv. What is life? the physical aspect of the living cell & Mind and matter&nbsp;— By Erwin Schrodinger</ref> A manuscript [http://www.kingshospital.ie/thekingshospital/Files/Schroedinger%20Bluecoat.pdf "Fragment From An Unpublished Dialogue of Galileo"] from this time recently resurfaced at [[The King's Hospital|The King's Hospital boarding school, Dublin]] <ref>http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2012/0418/1224314875355.html The Irish Times 18th April, 2012.</ref> after it was written for the School's 1955 edition of their Blue Coat to celebrate his leaving of Dublin to take up his appointment as Chair of Physics at the University of Vienna.

In 1956, he returned to Vienna (chair ''ad personam''). At an important lecture during the World Energy Conference he refused to speak on nuclear energy because of his skepticism about it and gave a philosophical lecture instead. During this period Schrödinger turned from mainstream quantum mechanics' definition of [[wave–particle duality]] and promoted the [[Wave–particle duality#Wave-only view|wave idea alone]]{{citation needed|date=March 2012}}, causing much controversy.

=== Personal life ===

Schrödinger suffered from [[tuberculosis]] and several times in the 1920s stayed at a sanatorium in [[Arosa]]. It was there that he discovered his wave equation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=m-YF1glKWLoC&pg=PA194&lpg=PA194&dq=schrodinger+arosa |title='&#39;Schrödinger'&#39; by Walter J. Moore: Christmas at Arosa |publisher=Books.google.co.uk |date=1926-01-09 |accessdate=2010-03-13|isbn=978-0-521-43767-7|author1=Moore, Walter J}}</ref>

Schrödinger decided in 1933 that he could not live in a country in which persecution of [[Jew]]s had become a national policy. [[Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell|Alexander Frederick Lindemann]], the head of physics at [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]], visited Germany in the spring of 1933 to try to arrange positions in England for some young Jewish scientists from Germany. He spoke to Schrödinger about posts for one of his assistants and was surprised to discover that Schrödinger himself was interested in leaving Germany. Schrödinger asked for a colleague, [[Arthur March]], to be offered a post as his assistant.<ref>[http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Schrodinger.html Schrödinger's biography from the University of St Andrews]</ref>

The request for March stemmed from Schrödinger's unconventional relationships with women: although his relations with his wife Anny were good, he had had many lovers with his wife's full knowledge (and in fact, Anny had her own lover, [[Hermann Weyl]]).<ref>[http://www.gap-system.org/~history/Biographies/Weyl.html]</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=m-YF1glKWLoC&pg=PA194&lpg=PA194&dq=schrodinger+arosa |title='&#39;Schrödinger'&#39; by Walter J. Moore: Christmas at Arosa |publisher=Books.google.co.uk |date=1926-01-09 |accessdate=2010-03-13|isbn=978-0-521-43767-7|author1=Moore, Walter J}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=m-YF1glKWLoC&pg=PA194&lpg=PA175 p. 175]</ref> Schrödinger asked for March to be his assistant because, at that time, he was in love with March's wife Hilde.

Many of the scientists who had left Germany spent mid-1933 in the Italian province of [[South Tyrol]]. Here Hilde became pregnant with Schrödinger's child. On 4 November 1933 Schrödinger, his wife and Hilde March arrived in Oxford. Schrödinger had been elected a fellow of [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]]. Soon after they arrived in Oxford, Schrödinger heard that, for his work on [[Schrödinger equation|wave mechanics]], he had been awarded the [[Nobel prize]].

In early 1934 Schrödinger was invited to lecture at [[Princeton University]] and while there he was made an offer of a permanent position. On his return to Oxford he negotiated about salary and pension conditions at Princeton but in the end he did not accept. It is thought that the fact that he wished to live at Princeton with Anny and Hilde both sharing the upbringing of his child was not found acceptable. The fact that Schrödinger openly had two wives, even if one of them was married to another man, was not well received in Oxford either. His daughter Ruth Georgie Erica was born there on 30 May 1934.<ref>''Schrödinger: Life and Thought'' by Walter John Moore, Cambridge University Press 1992 ISBN 0-521-43767-9, discusses Schrödinger's unconventional relationships, including his affair with Hildegunde March, in chapters seven and eight, "Berlin" and "Exile in Oxford".</ref>

[[Image:Schroedinger-grave.jpg|thumb|upright|Erwin Schrödinger's gravesite]]

On 4 January 1961, Schrödinger died in [[Vienna]] at the age of 73 of tuberculosis. He left a widow, Anny (born Annemarie Bertel on 3 December 1896, died 3 October 1965), and was buried in [[Alpbach]], Austria.

== Scientific activites ==

=== Early activities ===

Early in his life, Schrödinger was heavily involved in experiments relating to electrical engineering, atmospheric electricity and atmospheric radioactivity, usually with his then-teacher Franz Exner. He also studied vibrational theory, the theory of Brownian movement, and mathematical statistics. In 1912, at the request of the editors of the ''Handbook of Electricity and Magnetism'', Schrodinger wrote an article titled ''Dieelectrism''. That same year, Schrödinger gave a theoretical estimate of the probable height distribution of radioactive substances, which is required to explain the observed radioactivity of the atmosphere, and in August 1913 executed several experiments in Zeehame that confirmed his theoretical estimate and those of Victor Franz Hess. For this work, Schrödinger was awarded the 1920 Haytingera Prize (Haitinger-Preis) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.<ref name="Mehra">Erwin Schrödinger and the Rise of Wave Mechanics, J.Mehra</ref> Other experimental studies conducted by the young researcher in 1914 were checking formulas for capillary pressure in gas bubbles and the study of the properties of soft beta-radiation appearing in the fall of gamma rays on the surface of metal. The last work he performed together with his friend Fritz Kohlrausch. In 1919, Schrödinger performed his last physical experiment on coherent light and subsequently focused on theoretical studies.

=== Quantum Mechanics ===

==== Old quantum theory ====

In the first years of his career Schrödinger became acquainted with the ideas of quantum theory, developed in the works of Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Arnold Sommerfeld, and others. This knowledge helped him work on some problems in statistical physics, but the Austrian scientist at the time was not yet ready to part with the traditional methods of classical physics.

The first publications of Schrödinger about atomic theory and the theory of spectra began to emerge only from the beginning of the 1920s, after his personal acquaintance with Sommerfeld and Wolfgang Pauli and his move to Germany. In January 1921, Schrödinger finished his first article on this subject, about the framework of the Bohr - Sommerfeld effect of the interaction of electrons on some features of the spectra of the alkali metals. Of particular interest to him was the introduction of relativistic considerations in quantum theory. In autumn 1922 he analyzed the electron orbits in an atom from a geometric point of view, using methods of the well known mathematician Hermann Weyl. This work, in which it was shown that quantum orbits can be associated with certain geometric properties, was an important step in predicting some of the features of wave mechanics. Earlier in the same year he created the Schrödinger equation of the relativistic Doppler effect for spectral lines, based on the hypothesis of light quanta and considerations of energy and momentum. He liked the idea of his teacher Exner on the statistical nature of the conservation laws, so he enthusiastically embraced the articles of Bohr, Kramers and Slater, which suggested the possibility of violation of these laws in individual atomic processes (for example, in the process of emission of radiation). Despite the fact that the experiments of Hans Geiger and Walther Bothe soon cast doubt on this, the idea of ​​energy as a statistical concept was a lifelong attraction for Schrödinger and he discussed it in some reports and publications.<ref name=jammer>''The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics''. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966; 2nd ed: New York: American Institute of Physics, 1989. ISBN 0-88318-617-9</ref>

==== Creation of Wave Mechanics ====

In January 1926, Schrödinger published in ''[[Annalen der Physik]]'' the paper "''Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem''" [''tr''. Quantization as an [[Eigenvalue]] Problem] on wave mechanics and presented what is now known as the [[Schrödinger equation]]. In this paper he gave a "derivation" of the wave equation for time independent systems, and showed that it gave the correct energy eigenvalues for a [[hydrogen-like atom]]. This paper has been universally celebrated as one of the most important achievements of the twentieth century, and created a revolution in quantum mechanics and indeed of all physics and chemistry. A second paper was submitted just four weeks later that solved the [[quantum harmonic oscillator]], the [[rigid rotor]] and the [[diatomic molecule]], and gave a new derivation of the Schrödinger equation. A third paper in May showed the equivalence of his approach to that of [[Heisenberg]] and gave the treatment of the [[Stark effect]]. A fourth paper in this most remarkable series showed how to treat problems in which the system changes with time, as in [[scattering]] problems. These papers were the central achievement of his career and were at once recognized as having great significance by the physics community.

== Legacy ==

The philosophical issues raised by [[Schrödinger's cat]] are still debated today and remains his most enduring legacy in [[popular science]], while [[Schrödinger's equation]] is his most enduring legacy at a more technical level. The huge crater [[Schrödinger (crater)|Schrödinger]], on the [[Far side (Moon)|far side of the Moon]], is named after him. The [[Erwin Schrödinger International Institute for Mathematical Physics]] was established in Vienna in 1993.

== Color ==

One of Schrödinger's lesser-known areas of scientific contribution was his work on [[color]], [[color perception]], and [[colorimetry]] (''Farbenmetrik''). In 1920, he published three papers in this area:

* "Theorie der Pigmente von größter Leuchtkraft," ''Annalen der Physik'', (4), 62, (1920), 603–22

* "Grundlinien einer Theorie der Farbenmetrik im Tagessehen," ''Annalen der Physik'', (4), 63, (1920), 397–456; 481–520 (Outline of a theory of color measurement for daylight vision)

* "Farbenmetrik," ''Zeitschrift für Physik'', 1, (1920), 459–66 (Color measurement).

The second of these is available in English as "Outline of a Theory of Color Measurement for Daylight Vision" in ''Sources of Color Science'', Ed. David L. MacAdam, The MIT Press (1970), 134–82.

== Bibliography ==

* [http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/schrodinger/ebibliographie/publications.htm The List of Erwin Schrödinger's publications, compiled by Auguste Dick, Gabriele Kerber, Wolfgang Kerber and Karl von Meyenn's ''Erwin Schrödinger: Publications'']

* ''Science and the human temperament'' [[Allen & Unwin]] (1935), translated and introduced by [[James Vincent Murphy|James Murphy]], with a foreword by [[Ernest Rutherford]]

* ''Nature and the Greeks'' and ''Science and Humanism'' Cambridge University Press (1996) ISBN 0-521-57550-8.

* ''The interpretation of Quantum Mechanics'' Ox Bow Press (1995) ISBN 1-881987-09-4.

* ''Statistical Thermodynamics'' Dover Publications (1989) ISBN 0-486-66101-6.

* ''Collected papers'' Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn (1984) ISBN 3-7001-0573-8.

* ''My View of the World'' Ox Bow Press (1983) ISBN 0-918024-30-7.

* ''Expanding Universes'' Cambridge University Press (1956).

* ''Space-Time Structure'' Cambridge University Press (1950) ISBN 0-521-31520-4.

* ''[[What is Life?]]'' Macmillan (1946).

* ''What is Life? & Mind and Matter'' Cambridge University Press (1974) ISBN 0-521-09397-X.

* {{citation | first =Walter J | last = Moore|title=Schrödinger, life and thought|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=m-YF1glKWLoC |accessdate=7 November 2011|date= 29 May 1992|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43767-7}}.

* {{Citation | title = A Life of Erwin Schrödinger | first = Walter J | last = Moore | publisher = Cambridge University Press | edition = Canto | year = 2003 | ISBN = 0-521-46934-1}}.

* ''[http://pp-wiki.metameso.org/wiki.pl/Erwin_Schr%c3%b6dinger ''Erwin Schrödinger'', 2011, Biography on PlanetPhysics.org]

== See also ==

* [[Entropy and life]]

* [[List of Austrian scientists]]

* [[List of Austrians]]

* ''[[Quantum Aspects of Life]]''

* [[Subject-object problem]]

== References ==

{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==

[[John Gribbin]] (2012), Erwin Schrödinger and the Quantum Revolution, Bantam Press.

== External links ==

{{commons}}

{{wikiquote}}

* [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money1.htm Erwin Schrödinger on an Austrian banknote.]

* [http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=8GZdZUouzBY 1927 Solvay video with opening shot of Schrödinger]

* "''[http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/schrodinger/bio/bio1.htm biographie]''" (in German) or

* "''[http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/schrodinger/ebio/bio1.htm Biography from the Austrian Central Library for Physics]''" (in English)

* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066219/Erwin-Schrodinger Encyclopaedia Britannica article on Erwin Schrodinger]

* "''[http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz106819.html Deutsche Biographie]''"

* [[Nobel Lecture]]s, [[Physics]] 1922–1941, "''[http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-bio.html Erwin Schrödinger Biography]''" from NobelPrize.org

* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Schrodinger}}

* Vallabhan, C. P. Girija, "''[http://www.photonics.cusat.edu/article2.html Indian influences on Quantum Dynamics]''" [''ed.'' Schrödinger's interest in [[Vedanta]]]

* [http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/watoc Schrödinger Medal] of the World Association of Theoretically Oriented Chemists ([[WATOC]])

* [http://holiker.narod.ru/four/schrodinger-speech.html ''The Discovery of New Productive Forms of Atomic Theory'' Nobel Banquet speech] (in German)

* [http://www.harrymaugans.com/2006/05/03/in-search-of-schrodingers-cat/ Quantum Mechanics and Schrodinger's Cat]

* [http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people/Schrödinger,+Erwin Annotated bibliography for Erwin Schrodinger from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues]

* [http://www.hinduwisdom.info/quotes21_40.htm#Q31 Schrödinger and his interest for Hinduism]

** {{it}} [http://www.disf.org/CosaDevoSapere/Schroedinger.asp Critical interdisciplinary review of Schrödinger's "What is life?"]

{{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1926-1950}}

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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2011}}

{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->

|NAME = Schrödinger, Erwin

|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Schrödinger, Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander (full name)

|SHORT DESCRIPTION = [[Physicist]]

|DATE OF BIRTH = 1887-8-12

|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Erdberg]], [[Vienna]], Austria

|DATE OF DEATH = 1961-1-4

|PLACE OF DEATH = [[Vienna]], Austria

}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schroedinger, Erwin}}

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[[Category:Honorary Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences]]

[[Category:Theoretical physicists]]

[[Category:Austrian polymaths]]

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[[als:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[ar:إرفين شرودنغر]]

[[an:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[ast:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[az:Ervin Şrödinger]]

[[bn:এরভিন শ্রোডিঙার]]

[[zh-min-nan:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[be:Эрвін Шродзінгер]]

[[be-x-old:Эрвін Шрэдынгер]]

[[bg:Ервин Шрьодингер]]

[[bs:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[br:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[ca:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[cs:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[cy:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[da:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[de:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[et:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[el:Έρβιν Σρέντινγκερ]]

[[es:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[eo:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[eu:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[fa:اروین شرودینگر]]

[[hif:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[fr:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[ga:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[gl:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[ki:Erwin Schrodinger]]

[[xal:Шрёдингерин, Эрвин]]

[[ko:에르빈 슈뢰딩거]]

[[hi:अर्विन श्रोडिन्गर]]

[[hr:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[io:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[id:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[is:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[it:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[he:ארווין שרדינגר]]

[[ka:ერვინ შრედინგერი]]

[[kk:Шредингер Эрвин]]

[[sw:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[ht:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[ku:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[la:Ervinus Schrödinger]]

[[lv:Ervīns Šrēdingers]]

[[lt:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[lmo:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[hu:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[mk:Ервин Шредингер]]

[[ml:എർവിൻ ഷ്രോഡിങർ]]

[[mt:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[mr:एर्विन श्र्यॉडिंगर]]

[[arz:شرودينجر]]

[[ms:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[mn:Эрвин Шредингер]]

[[nl:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[ja:エルヴィン・シュレーディンガー]]

[[no:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[nn:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[oc:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[pnb:ارون شروڈنگر]]

[[pms:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[pl:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[pt:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[ro:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[rue:Ервін Шредінґер]]

[[ru:Шрёдингер, Эрвин]]

[[sah:Эрвин Шрёдингер]]

[[sa:अर्विन श्रोडिन्गर]]

[[scn:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[simple:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[sk:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[sl:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[sr:Ервин Шредингер]]

[[sh:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[su:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[fi:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[sv:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[ta:எர்வின் சுரோடிங்கர்]]

[[th:แอร์วิน ชเรอดิงเงอร์]]

[[tr:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[uk:Ервін Шредінгер]]

[[ur:ارون شروڈنگر]]

[[vep:Šrödinger Ervin]]

[[za:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[vi:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[vo:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[war:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[yo:Erwin Schrödinger]]

[[bat-smg:Ervins Šriuodėngeris]]

[[zh:埃尔温·薛定谔]]