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  [[File:Honeybee-cooling cropped.jpg|thumb|250px|Honey bees at a hive entrance; one is about to land and the other is fanning.]]
  
  [[File:Honeybee-cooling cropped.jpg|thumb|250px|Honey bees at a hive entrance; one is about to land and the other is fanning.]]


  
  

  
  



  
  '''Colony Collapse Disorder''' ('''CCD''') is a phenomenon in which worker bees from a [[Beehive (beekeeping)|beehive]] or [[European honey bee]] colony abruptly disappear. While such disappearances have occurred throughout the history of [[Beekeeping|apiculture]], and were known by various names (''disappearing disease'', ''spring dwindle'', ''May disease'', ''autumn collapse'', and ''fall dwindle disease''),<ref name = "Oldroyd">{{cite journal |last1=Oldroyd |first1=Benjamin P. |title=What's Killing American Honey Bees? |journal=PLoS Biology |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e168 |year=2007 |pmid=17564497 |pmc=1892840 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0050168}}</ref> the syndrome was renamed ''colony collapse disorder'' in late 2006<ref name=Prelim>{{cite news|author = Dennis vanEngelsdorp, Diana Cox-Foster, Maryann Frazier, Nancy Ostiguy, and Jerry Hayes|title=Colony Collapse Disorder Preliminary Report|url=http://www.beekeeping.com/articles/us/ccd.pdf|publisher = Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium (MAAREC)&nbsp;– CCD Working Group|page = 22|date = 5 January 2006|accessdate = 2007-04-24|quote = }}</ref> in conjunction with a drastic rise in the number of disappearances of Western [[honeybee]] colonies in North America.<ref name="Penn">{{cite news|title = Honey Bee Die-Off Alarms Beekeepers, Crop Growers and Researchers|url = http://agsci.psu.edu/news/radio/2007/dramatic-honey-bee-die-off-worries-beekeepers-and-crop-producers|publisher = Pennsylvania State University College of Agricultural Sciences|date = 29 January 2007 }}</ref> European beekeepers observed similar phenomena in Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain,<ref name=Monde>Gaëlle Dupont, [http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3244,36-948835@51-948933,0.html Les abeilles malades de l'homme], ''[[Le Monde]]'', 29 August 2007 {{fr icon}}.</ref> and initial reports have also come in from Switzerland and Germany, albeit to a lesser degree<ref name=sueddeutsche>{{cite news|author = Petra Steinberger|title = Das spurlose Sterben|url = http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wissen/raetselhafter-exitus-der-bienen-das-spurlose-sterben-1.911906|publisher = sueddeutsche.de|date = 12 March 2007|language = German|accessdate=2010-12-31}}</ref> while the [[Northern Ireland Assembly]] received reports of a decline greater than 50%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theyworkforyou.com/ni/?id=2009-06-08.9.1 |title=Minutes of Northern Ireland Assembly |publisher=Theyworkforyou.com |date=8 June 2009 |accessdate=2010-06-22}}</ref>
  
  '''Colony Collapse Disorder''' ('''CCD''') is a phenomenon in which worker bees from a [[Beehive (beekeeping)|beehive]] or [[European honey bee]] colony abruptly disappear. While such disappearances have occurred throughout the history of [[Beekeeping|apiculture]], and were known by various names (''disappearing disease'', ''spring dwindle'', ''May disease'', ''autumn collapse'', and ''fall dwindle disease''),<ref namhiiiiiiiiiiiiinjamin P. |title=What's Killing American Honey Bees? |journal=PLoS Biology |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e168 |year=2007 |pmid=17564497 |pmc=1892840 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0050168}}</ref> the syndrome was renamed ''colony collapse disorder'' in late 2006<ref name=Prelim>{{cite news|author = Dennis vanEngelsdorp, Diana Cox-Foster, Maryann Frazier, Nancy Ostiguy, and Jerry Hayes|title=Colony Collapse Disorder Preliminary Report|url=http://www.beekeeping.com/articles/us/ccd.pdf|publisher = Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium (MAAREC)&nbsp;– CCD Working Group|page = 22|date = 5 January 2006|accessdate = 2007-04-24|quote = }}</ref> in conjunction with a drastic rise in the number of disappearances of Western [[honeybee]] colonies in North America.<ref name="Penn">{{cite news|title = Honey Bee Die-Off Alarms Beekeepers, Crop Growers and Researchers|url = http://agsci.psu.edu/news/radio/2007/dramatic-honey-bee-die-off-worries-beekeepers-and-crop-producers|publisher = Pennsylvania State University College of Agricultural Sciences|date = 29 January 2007 }}</ref> European beekeepers observed similar phenomena in Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain,<ref name=Monde>Gaëlle Dupont, [http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3244,36-948835@51-948933,0.html Les abeilles malades de l'homme], ''[[Le Monde]]'', 29 August 2007 {{fr icon}}.</ref> and initial reports have also come in from Switzerland and Germany, albeit to a lesser degree<ref name=sueddeutsche>{{cite news|author = Petra Steinberger|title = Das spurlose Sterben|url = http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wissen/raetselhafter-exitus-der-bienen-das-spurlose-sterben-1.911906|publisher = sueddeutsche.de|date = 12 March 2007|language = German|accessdate=2010-12-31}}</ref> while the [[Northern Ireland Assembly]] received reports of a decline greater than 50%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theyworkforyou.com/ni/?id=2009-06-08.9.1 |title=Minutes of Northern Ireland Assembly |publisher=Theyworkforyou.com |date=8 June 2009 |accessdate=2010-06-22}}</ref>


  
  

  
  



  
  Colony collapse is significant economically because [[List of crop plants pollinated by bees|many agricultural crops]] worldwide are [[Pollination|pollinated]] by European honey bees. According to the Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the worth of global crops with honeybee’s pollination was estimated to be close to $200 billion in 2005.<ref>http://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0512sp1.htm</ref> Shortages of bees in the US have increased the cost to farmers renting them for pollination services by up to 20%.<ref name=TimesWines/>
  
  Colony collapse is significant economically because [[List of crop plants pollinated by bees|many agricultural crops]] worldwide are [[Pollination|pollinated]] by European honey bees. According to the Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the worth of global crops with honeybee’s pollination was estimated to be close to $200 billion in 2005.<ref>http://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0512sp1.htm</ref> Shortages of bees in the US have increased the cost to farmers renting them for pollination services by up to 20%.<ref name=TimesWines/>
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 [[File:Honeybee-cooling cropped.jpg|thumb|250px|Honey bees at a hive entrance; one is about to land and the other is fanning.]]
-'''Colony Collapse Disorder''' ('''CCD''') is a phenomenon in which worker bees from a [[Beehive (beekeeping)|beehive]] or [[European honey bee]] colony abruptly disappear. While such disappearances have occurred throughout the history of [[Beekeeping|apiculture]], and were known by various names (''disappearing disease'', ''spring dwindle'', ''May disease'', ''autumn collapse'', and ''fall dwindle disease''),<ref name = "Oldroyd">{{cite journal |last1=Oldroyd |first1=Benjamin P. |title=What's Killing American Honey Bees? |journal=PLoS Biology |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e168 |year=2007 |pmid=17564497 |pmc=1892840 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0050168}}</ref> the syndrome was renamed ''colony collapse disorder'' in late 2006<ref name=Prelim>{{cite news|author = Dennis vanEngelsdorp, Diana Cox-Foster, Maryann Frazier, Nancy Ostiguy, and Jerry Hayes|title=Colony Collapse Disorder Preliminary Report|url=http://www.beekeeping.com/articles/us/ccd.pdf|publisher = Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium (MAAREC)&nbsp;– CCD Working Group|page = 22|date = 5 January 2006|accessdate = 2007-04-24|quote = }}</ref> in conjunction with a drastic rise in the number of disappearances of Western [[honeybee]] colonies in North America.<ref name="Penn">{{cite news|title = Honey Bee Die-Off Alarms Beekeepers, Crop Growers and Researchers|url = http://agsci.psu.edu/news/radio/2007/dramatic-honey-bee-die-off-worries-beekeepers-and-crop-producers|publisher = Pennsylvania State University College of Agricultural Sciences|date = 29 January 2007 }}</ref> European beekeepers observed similar phenomena in Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain,<ref name=Monde>Gaëlle Dupont, [http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3244,36-948835@51-948933,0.html Les abeilles malades de l'homme], ''[[Le Monde]]'', 29 August 2007 {{fr icon}}.</ref> and initial reports have also come in from Switzerland and Germany, albeit to a lesser degree<ref name=sueddeutsche>{{cite news|author = Petra Steinberger|title = Das spurlose Sterben|url = http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wissen/raetselhafter-exitus-der-bienen-das-spurlose-sterben-1.911906|publisher = sueddeutsche.de|date = 12 March 2007|language = German|accessdate=2010-12-31}}</ref> while the [[Northern Ireland Assembly]] received reports of a decline greater than 50%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theyworkforyou.com/ni/?id=2009-06-08.9.1 |title=Minutes of Northern Ireland Assembly |publisher=Theyworkforyou.com |date=8 June 2009 |accessdate=2010-06-22}}</ref>
+'''Colony Collapse Disorder''' ('''CCD''') is a phenomenon in which worker bees from a [[Beehive (beekeeping)|beehive]] or [[European honey bee]] colony abruptly disappear. While such disappearances have occurred throughout the history of [[Beekeeping|apiculture]], and were known by various names (''disappearing disease'', ''spring dwindle'', ''May disease'', ''autumn collapse'', and ''fall dwindle disease''),<ref namhiiiiiiiiiiiiinjamin P. |title=What's Killing American Honey Bees? |journal=PLoS Biology |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e168 |year=2007 |pmid=17564497 |pmc=1892840 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0050168}}</ref> the syndrome was renamed ''colony collapse disorder'' in late 2006<ref name=Prelim>{{cite news|author = Dennis vanEngelsdorp, Diana Cox-Foster, Maryann Frazier, Nancy Ostiguy, and Jerry Hayes|title=Colony Collapse Disorder Preliminary Report|url=http://www.beekeeping.com/articles/us/ccd.pdf|publisher = Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium (MAAREC)&nbsp;– CCD Working Group|page = 22|date = 5 January 2006|accessdate = 2007-04-24|quote = }}</ref> in conjunction with a drastic rise in the number of disappearances of Western [[honeybee]] colonies in North America.<ref name="Penn">{{cite news|title = Honey Bee Die-Off Alarms Beekeepers, Crop Growers and Researchers|url = http://agsci.psu.edu/news/radio/2007/dramatic-honey-bee-die-off-worries-beekeepers-and-crop-producers|publisher = Pennsylvania State University College of Agricultural Sciences|date = 29 January 2007 }}</ref> European beekeepers observed similar phenomena in Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain,<ref name=Monde>Gaëlle Dupont, [http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3244,36-948835@51-948933,0.html Les abeilles malades de l'homme], ''[[Le Monde]]'', 29 August 2007 {{fr icon}}.</ref> and initial reports have also come in from Switzerland and Germany, albeit to a lesser degree<ref name=sueddeutsche>{{cite news|author = Petra Steinberger|title = Das spurlose Sterben|url = http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wissen/raetselhafter-exitus-der-bienen-das-spurlose-sterben-1.911906|publisher = sueddeutsche.de|date = 12 March 2007|language = German|accessdate=2010-12-31}}</ref> while the [[Northern Ireland Assembly]] received reports of a decline greater than 50%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theyworkforyou.com/ni/?id=2009-06-08.9.1 |title=Minutes of Northern Ireland Assembly |publisher=Theyworkforyou.com |date=8 June 2009 |accessdate=2010-06-22}}</ref>
 Colony collapse is significant economically because [[List of crop plants pollinated by bees|many agricultural crops]] worldwide are [[Pollination|pollinated]] by European honey bees. According to the Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the worth of global crops with honeybee’s pollination was estimated to be close to $200 billion in 2005.<ref>http://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0512sp1.htm</ref> Shortages of bees in the US have increased the cost to farmers renting them for pollination services by up to 20%.<ref name=TimesWines/>
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