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 →‎Protracted withdrawal syndrome
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  '''The following symptoms may emerge during gradual or abrupt dosage reduction:'''
  
  '''The following symptoms may emerge during gradual or abrupt dosage reduction:'''


  
  {{columns-list|2|
  
  {{columns-list|2|


  ⚫
  * Aches and [[pain]]s<ref name="pmid9201803" />
  


  
  * Agitation and [[anxiety|restlessness]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
  


  
  * [[Akathisia]]
  
  * [[Akathisia]]


  
  * [[Anxiety]],<ref name="pmid28328330">{{cite journal |vauthors=Soyka M |title=Treatment of Benzodiazepine Dependence |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=376 |issue=12 |pages=1147–1157 |year=2017 |pmid=28328330 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1611832 |url=}}</ref> possible terror and [[panic attack]]s<ref name="Petursson" /><ref name="pmid9201803" />
  
  * Agitation and [[Anxiety]],<ref name="pmid28328330">{{cite journal |vauthors=Soyka M |title=Treatment of Benzodiazepine Dependence |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=376 |issue=12 |pages=1147–1157 |year=2017 |pmid=28328330 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1611832 |url=}}</ref> possible terror and [[panic attack]]s<ref name="Petursson" /><ref name="pmid9201803" />


  
  * [[Blurred vision]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
  
  * [[Blurred vision]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />


  
  * [[Chest pain]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
  
  * [[Chest pain]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />


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  * Depression (can be severe),<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0022-3999(94)90142-2 |title=Anxiety or depression during withdrawal of hypnotic treatments |year=1994 |last1=Lader |first1=Malcolm |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |volume=38 |pages=113–23; discussion 118–23 |pmid=7799243}}</ref> possible [[suicide|suicidal]] ideation
  
  * Depression (can be severe),<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0022-3999(94)90142-2 |title=Anxiety or depression during withdrawal of hypnotic treatments |year=1994 |last1=Lader |first1=Malcolm |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |volume=38 |pages=113–23; discussion 118–23 |pmid=7799243}}</ref> possible [[suicide|suicidal]] ideation


  
  * [[Derealisation]] (feelings of unreality)<ref name="Mintzer-1999">{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s002130051161 |title=A controlled study of flumazenil-precipitated withdrawal in chronic low-dose benzodiazepine users |year=1999 |last1=Mintzer |first1=M. Z. |last2=Stoller |first2=K. B. |last3=Griffiths |first3=R. R. |journal=Psychopharmacology |volume=147 |issue=2 |pages=200–9 |pmid=10591888}}</ref>
  
  * [[Derealisation]] (feelings of unreality)<ref name="Mintzer-1999">{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s002130051161 |title=A controlled study of flumazenil-precipitated withdrawal in chronic low-dose benzodiazepine users |year=1999 |last1=Mintzer |first1=M. Z. |last2=Stoller |first2=K. B. |last3=Griffiths |first3=R. R. |journal=Psychopharmacology |volume=147 |issue=2 |pages=200–9 |pmid=10591888}}</ref>


  
  * [[Diarrhea]]
  


  
  * [[Dilated pupils]]<ref name="gabbards"/>
  
  * [[Dilated pupils]]<ref name="gabbards"/>


  
  * [[Dizziness]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
  
  * [[Dizziness]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />


  
  * [[Double vision]]
  


  
  * [[Dry mouth]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
  
  * [[Dry mouth]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />


  
  * [[Dysphoria]]<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=6761826 |year=1982 |last1=Mendelson |first1=WB |last2=Weingartner |first2=H |last3=Greenblatt |first3=DJ |last4=Garnett |first4=D |last5=Gillin |first5=JC |title=A clinical study of flurazepam |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=350–60 |journal=Sleep}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1055/s-2007-1017439 |title=Withdrawal Phenomena after Long-term Administration of Benzodiazepines a Review of Recent Investigations |year=2008 |last1=Schöpf |first1=J. |journal=Pharmacopsychiatry |volume=16 |pages=1–8 |pmid=6131447 |issue=1}}</ref>
  
  * [[Dysphoria]]<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=6761826 |year=1982 |last1=Mendelson |first1=WB |last2=Weingartner |first2=H |last3=Greenblatt |first3=DJ |last4=Garnett |first4=D |last5=Gillin |first5=JC |title=A clinical study of flurazepam |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=350–60 |journal=Sleep}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1055/s-2007-1017439 |title=Withdrawal Phenomena after Long-term Administration of Benzodiazepines a Review of Recent Investigations |year=2008 |last1=Schöpf |first1=J. |journal=Pharmacopsychiatry |volume=16 |pages=1–8 |pmid=6131447 |issue=1}}</ref>


  ⚫
  * Electric shock sensations<ref name="ashman" /><ref name=tuobicp>{{cite journal |pmid=6133535 |year=1981 |last1=Shader |first1=RI |last2=Greenblatt |first2=DJ |title=The use of benzodiazepines in clinical practice |volume=11 Suppl 1 |pages=5S–9S |pmc=1401641 |journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |issue=Suppl 1 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01832.x}}</ref>
  


  
  * Elevation in [[blood pressure]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00213-004-2009-1 |title=Flumazenil-precipitated withdrawal in healthy volunteers following repeated diazepam exposure |year=2004 |last1=Mintzer |first1=Miriam Z. |last2=Griffiths |first2=Roland R. |journal=Psychopharmacology |volume=178 |issue=2–3 |pages=259–67 |pmid=15452683}}</ref>
  
  * Elevation in [[blood pressure]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00213-004-2009-1 |title=Flumazenil-precipitated withdrawal in healthy volunteers following repeated diazepam exposure |year=2004 |last1=Mintzer |first1=Miriam Z. |last2=Griffiths |first2=Roland R. |journal=Psychopharmacology |volume=178 |issue=2–3 |pages=259–67 |pmid=15452683}}</ref>


  
  * [[Fatigue (medical)|Fatigue]] and [[weakness]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
  
  * [[Fatigue (medical)|Fatigue]] and [[weakness]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />


  
  ⚫
  * Gastrointestinal disturbance (including nausea, diarrhea, vomiting)<ref name="nouv"/><ref name="Loeb P">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0750-7658(97)83345-X |title=Sevrage en benzodiazépines révélé par un syndrome douloureux abdominal pseudochirurgical |trans_title=Benzodiazepine withdrawal masquerading as surgical abdominal syndrome |language=French |year=1997 |last1=Loeb |first1=P |last2=Adnet |first2=P |last3=Boittiaux |first3=P |last4=Forget |first4=AP |last5=Mille |first5=FX |journal=Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=521–2}}</ref><ref name="Loeb P" /><ref>http://www.benzo.org.uk/manual/bzcha03.htm#16{{full citation needed|date=October 2013}}</ref>


  
  * [[Flu-like symptoms]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
  


  
  ⚫
  * Hearing disturbance<ref name="pmid9201803" />


  ⚫
  * [[gastrointestinal problem]]s <ref name="Loeb P">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0750-7658(97)83345-X |title=Sevrage en benzodiazépines révélé par un syndrome douloureux abdominal pseudochirurgical |trans_title=Benzodiazepine withdrawal masquerading as surgical abdominal syndrome |language=French |year=1997 |last1=Loeb |first1=P |last2=Adnet |first2=P |last3=Boittiaux |first3=P |last4=Forget |first4=AP |last5=Mille |first5=FX |journal=Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=521–2}}</ref><ref name="Loeb P" /><ref>http://www.benzo.org.uk/manual/bzcha03.htm#16{{full citation needed|date=October 2013}}</ref>
  


  
  * [[Hearing impairment]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
  


  
  * Headache<ref name="Petursson"/>
  
  * Headache<ref name="Petursson"/>


  
  * [[Hot flush|Hot]] and [[Cold chill|cold spells]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
  
  * [[Hot flush|Hot]] and [[Cold chill|cold spells]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />


  
  *[[Hyperosmia]]<ref name="dobcaba">{{cite journal |pmid=7914165 |year=1994 |last1=Pelissolo |first1=A |last2=Bisserbe |first2=JC |title=Dependence on benzodiazepines. Clinical and biological aspects |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=147–57 |journal=L'Encéphale}}</ref>
  
  *[[Hyperosmia]]<ref name="dobcaba">{{cite journal |pmid=7914165 |year=1994 |last1=Pelissolo |first1=A |last2=Bisserbe |first2=JC |title=Dependence on benzodiazepines. Clinical and biological aspects |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=147–57 |journal=L'Encéphale}}</ref>


  
  *[[Hypertension]]<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15902797 |year=2005 |last1=Biswas |first1=AK |last2=Feldman |first2=BL |last3=Davis |first3=DH |last4=Zintz |first4=EA |title=Myocardial ischemia as a result of severe benzodiazepine and opioid withdrawal |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=207–9 |journal=Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) |doi=10.1081/clt-200053099}}</ref>
  
  *[[Hypertension]]<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15902797 |year=2005 |last1=Biswas |first1=AK |last2=Feldman |first2=BL |last3=Davis |first3=DH |last4=Zintz |first4=EA |title=Myocardial ischemia as a result of severe benzodiazepine and opioid withdrawal |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=207–9 |journal=Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) |doi=10.1081/clt-200053099}}</ref>


  
  * [[Hypnagogia]]-hallucinations<ref name="pwsfb">{{cite web| author= Professor Heather Ashton| year= 2004| url=http://www.benzo.org.uk/pws04.htm| title= Protracted Withdrawal Symptoms From Benzodiazepines | publisher= Comprehensive Handbook of Drug & Alcohol Addiction}}</ref>
  
  * [[Hypnagogic]] hallucinations<ref name="pwsfb">{{cite web| author= Professor Heather Ashton| year= 2004| url=http://www.benzo.org.uk/pws04.htm| title= Protracted Withdrawal Symptoms From Benzodiazepines | publisher= Comprehensive Handbook of Drug & Alcohol Addiction}}</ref>


  
  * [[Hypochondriasis]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
  
  * [[Hypochondriasis]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />


  
  * Increased sensitivity to [[touch]]<ref name="Mintzer-1999"/>
  
  * Increased sensitivity to touch<ref name="Mintzer-1999"/>


  
  * Increased sensitivity to sound<ref name="pmid9201803" />
  
  * Increased [[urinary frequency]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />


  
  *Increased [[urinary frequency]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
  


  
  * Indecision<ref name=pmid9201803/>
  


  
  * [[Insomnia]]<ref name="nouv"/>
  
  * [[Insomnia]]<ref name="nouv"/>


  
  * Impaired [[concentration]]<ref name="Petursson"/>
  
  * Impaired [[memory]] and [[concentration]]<ref name="Petursson"/> <ref name="pmid9201803" />


  
  * Impaired [[memory]] and [[concentration]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
  


  
  * [[Anorexia (symptom)|Loss of appetite]] and [[weight loss]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0022-3956(93)90025-W |title=Discontinuation reactions to alprazolam in panic disorder |year=1993 |last1=Pecknold |first1=J.C. |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research |volume=27 |pages=155–170}}</ref>
  
  * [[Anorexia (symptom)|Loss of appetite]] and [[weight loss]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0022-3956(93)90025-W |title=Discontinuation reactions to alprazolam in panic disorder |year=1993 |last1=Pecknold |first1=J.C. |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research |volume=27 |pages=155–170}}</ref>


  
  * [[Metallic taste]]<ref name="dobcaba"/>
  


  
  * Mild to moderate [[Aphasia]]<ref name="dobcaba"/>
  
  * Mild to moderate [[Aphasia]]<ref name="dobcaba"/>


  
  * [[Mood swings]]<ref name=pmid9201803/>
  
  * [[Mood swings]]<ref name=pmid9201803/>


  
  * [[Muscular spasms]], [[cramp]]s or [[fasciculations]]<ref name=Lindgren>Kliniska Färdigheter: Informationsutbytet Mellan Patient Och Läkare, LINDGREN, STEFAN, {{ISBN|91-44-37271-X}} (Swedish){{page needed|date=October 2013}}</ref>
  
  * [[Muscular spasms]], [[cramp]]s, discomfort or [[fasciculations]]<ref name=Lindgren>Kliniska Färdigheter: Informationsutbytet Mellan Patient Och Läkare, LINDGREN, STEFAN, {{ISBN|91-44-37271-X}} (Swedish){{page needed|date=October 2013}}</ref>


  
  * [[Nausea]] and vomiting<ref name="nouv"/>
  


  
  * Nightmares<ref name="nouv">{{cite journal |pmid=6106922 |year=1980 |last1=Bismuth |first1=C |last2=Le Bellec |first2=M |last3=Dally |first3=S |last4=Lagier |first4=G |title=Benzodiazepine physical dependence. 6 cases (author's transl) |volume=9 |issue=28 |pages=1941–5 |journal=La Nouvelle presse medicale}}</ref>
  
  * Nightmares<ref name="nouv">{{cite journal |pmid=6106922 |year=1980 |last1=Bismuth |first1=C |last2=Le Bellec |first2=M |last3=Dally |first3=S |last4=Lagier |first4=G |title=Benzodiazepine physical dependence. 6 cases (author's transl) |volume=9 |issue=28 |pages=1941–5 |journal=La Nouvelle presse medicale}}</ref>


  
  * [[Numbness and tingling]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
  


  
  * [[Obsessive compulsive disorder]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/00005053-198811000-00008 |title=SINGLE CASE STUDY Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Occurring as a Complication in Benzodiazepine Withdrawal |year=1988 |last1=Drummond |first1=Lynne M. |last2=Matthews |first2=Helen P. |journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease |volume=176 |issue=11 |pages=688–91 |pmid=3183654}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=3651695 |year=1987 |last1=Matthews |first1=HP |last2=Drummond |first2=LM |title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder--a complication of benzodiazepine withdrawal |volume=150 |pages=272 |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry}}</ref>
  
  * [[Obsessive compulsive disorder]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/00005053-198811000-00008 |title=SINGLE CASE STUDY Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Occurring as a Complication in Benzodiazepine Withdrawal |year=1988 |last1=Drummond |first1=Lynne M. |last2=Matthews |first2=Helen P. |journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease |volume=176 |issue=11 |pages=688–91 |pmid=3183654}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=3651695 |year=1987 |last1=Matthews |first1=HP |last2=Drummond |first2=LM |title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder--a complication of benzodiazepine withdrawal |volume=150 |pages=272 |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry}}</ref>


  
  ⚫
  * [[Paraesthesia]]<ref name="pmid9201803" /><ref name="Mintzer-1999"/><ref name="dobcaba"/><ref name="ashman" /><ref name=tuobicp>{{cite journal |pmid=6133535 |year=1981 |last1=Shader |first1=RI |last2=Greenblatt |first2=DJ |title=The use of benzodiazepines in clinical practice |volume=11 Suppl 1 |pages=5S–9S |pmc=1401641 |journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |issue=Suppl 1 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01832.x}}</ref>


  
  * [[Paraesthesia]]<ref name="Mintzer-1999"/><ref name="dobcaba"/>
  


  
  * [[Paranoia]]<ref name="dobcaba"/>
  
  * [[Paranoia]]<ref name="dobcaba"/>


  
  * Perception that stationary objects are moving<ref name="Mintzer-1999"/>
  


  
  * [[Perspiration]]<ref name="Petursson"/>
  
  * [[Perspiration]]<ref name="Petursson"/>


  
  * [[Photophobia]]<ref name="dobcaba"/>
  
  * [[Photophobia]]<ref name="dobcaba"/>


  
  * [[Postural hypotension]]<ref name="nouv"/>
  
  * [[Postural hypotension]]<ref name="nouv"/>


  
  * [[REM sleep rebound]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.4088/PCC.v03n0303 |title=Medications for the Treatment of Sleep Disorders |year=2001 |last1=Pagel |first1=J. F. |last2=Parnes |first2=Bennett L. |journal=The Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=118–125 |pmid=15014609 |pmc=181172}}</ref>
  
  * [[REM sleep rebound]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.4088/PCC.v03n0303 |title=Medications for the Treatment of Sleep Disorders |year=2001 |last1=Pagel |first1=J. F. |last2=Parnes |first2=Bennett L. |journal=The Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=118–125 |pmid=15014609 |pmc=181172}}</ref>


  
  *[[Restless legs syndrome]]<ref name="pmid1675688" />
  
  * [[Restless legs syndrome]]<ref name="pmid1675688" />


  
  * Sounds louder than usual<ref name="Mintzer-1999"/>
  


  
  * [[Stiffness]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
  
  * [[Stiffness]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />


  
  * Taste and smell disturbances<ref name="pmid9201803" />
  
  * Taste and smell disturbances<ref name="pmid9201803" />


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  * [[Tinnitus]]<ref name=tinnitus>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.302.6790.1465 |title=Benzodiazepines and tinnitus |year=1991 |last1=Beeley |first1=L |journal=BMJ |volume=302 |issue=6790 |pages=1465}}</ref>
  
  * [[Tinnitus]]<ref name=tinnitus>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.302.6790.1465 |title=Benzodiazepines and tinnitus |year=1991 |last1=Beeley |first1=L |journal=BMJ |volume=302 |issue=6790 |pages=1465}}</ref>


  
  * [[Tremor]]<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7139456 |year=1982 |last1=Mellor |first1=CS |last2=Jain |first2=VK |title=Diazepam withdrawal syndrome: Its prolonged and changing nature |volume=127 |issue=11 |pages=1093–6 |pmc=1862031 |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0033291700019899 |title=Depression following withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: A report of four cases |year=2009 |last1=Olajide |first1=Dele |last2=Lader |first2=Malcolm |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=937–40 |pmid=6152745}}</ref>
  
  * [[Tremor]]<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7139456 |year=1982 |last1=Mellor |first1=CS |last2=Jain |first2=VK |title=Diazepam withdrawal syndrome: Its prolonged and changing nature |volume=127 |issue=11 |pages=1093–6 |pmc=1862031 |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0033291700019899 |title=Depression following withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: A report of four cases |year=2009 |last1=Olajide |first1=Dele |last2=Lader |first2=Malcolm |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=937–40 |pmid=6152745}}</ref>


  
  * [[Visual disturbance]]s
  
  * [[Visual disturbance]]s <ref name="Mintzer-1999"/>


  
  }}
  
  }}


  
  

  
  



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  * Coma<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=103443 |year=1979 |last1=De Bard |first1=ML |title=Diazepam withdrawal syndrome: A case with psychosis, seizure, and coma |volume=136 |issue=1 |pages=104–5 |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry}}</ref> (rare)
  
  * Coma<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=103443 |year=1979 |last1=De Bard |first1=ML |title=Diazepam withdrawal syndrome: A case with psychosis, seizure, and coma |volume=136 |issue=1 |pages=104–5 |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry}}</ref> (rare)


  
  *[[Delirium tremens]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurol.2007.11.003 |title=Fatal insomnia and agrypnia excitata: Sleep and the limbic system |year=2008 |last1=Provini |first1=F. |last2=Cortelli |first2=P. |last3=Montagna |first3=P. |last4=Gambetti |first4=P. |last5=Lugaresi |first5=E. |journal=Revue Neurologique |volume=164 |issue=8–9 |pages=692–700 |pmid=18805303}}</ref><ref name="Darcy L">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0750-7658(84)80078-7 |title=Dépendance physique aux benzodiazépines dans un contexte traumatologique |trans_title=Benzodiazepine physical dependence in traumatology |language=French |year=1984 |last1=Berezak |first1=A. |last2=Weber |first2=M. |last3=Hansmann |first3=J. |last4=Tulasne |first4=P.A. |last5=Laporte |first5=B. |last6=Ould Ouali |first6=A. |journal=Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=383–4}}</ref><ref name="Darcy L" />
  
  *[[Delirium tremens]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurol.2007.11.003 |title=Fatal insomnia and agrypnia excitata: Sleep and the limbic system |year=2008 |last1=Provini |first1=F. |last2=Cortelli |first2=P. |last3=Montagna |first3=P. |last4=Gambetti |first4=P. |last5=Lugaresi |first5=E. |journal=Revue Neurologique |volume=164 |issue=8–9 |pages=692–700 |pmid=18805303}}</ref><ref name="Darcy L">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0750-7658(84)80078-7 |title=Dépendance physique aux benzodiazépines dans un contexte traumatologique |trans_title=Benzodiazepine physical dependence in traumatology |language=French |year=1984 |last1=Berezak |first1=A. |last2=Weber |first2=M. |last3=Hansmann |first3=J. |last4=Tulasne |first4=P.A. |last5=Laporte |first5=B. |last6=Ould Ouali |first6=A. |journal=Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=383–4}}</ref><ref name="Darcy L" />


  
  *[[Delusion]]s<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=3197017 |year=1988 |last1=Keshavan |first1=MS |last2=Moodley |first2=P |last3=Eales |first3=M |last4=Joyce |first4=E |last5=Yeragani |first5=VK |title=Delusional depression following benzodiazepine withdrawal |volume=33 |issue=7 |pages=626–7 |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry}}</ref>
  


  
  *[[Hallucinations]]
  


  
  *[[Hyperthermia]]<ref name="nouv"/>
  
  *[[Hyperthermia]]<ref name="nouv"/>


  
  *[[homicidal ideation]]<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=2335496 |year=1990 |last1=Risse |first1=SC |last2=Whitters |first2=A |last3=Burke |first3=J |last4=Chen |first4=S |last5=Scurfield |first5=RM |last6=Raskind |first6=MA |title=Severe withdrawal symptoms after discontinuation of alprazolam in eight patients with combat-induced posttraumatic stress disorder |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=206–9 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry}}</ref>
  


  
  *[[Mania]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0165-0327(89)90028-1 |title=Mania induced by lorazepam withdrawal: A report of two cases |year=1989 |last1=Turkington |first1=Douglas |last2=Gill |first2=Paul |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=17 |pages=93–5 |pmid=2525581 |issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=3690487 |year=1987 |last1=Lapierre |first1=YD |last2=Labelle |first2=A |title=Manic-like reaction induced by lorazepam withdrawal |volume=32 |issue=8 |pages=697–8 |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry}}</ref>
  
  *[[Mania]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0165-0327(89)90028-1 |title=Mania induced by lorazepam withdrawal: A report of two cases |year=1989 |last1=Turkington |first1=Douglas |last2=Gill |first2=Paul |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=17 |pages=93–5 |pmid=2525581 |issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=3690487 |year=1987 |last1=Lapierre |first1=YD |last2=Labelle |first2=A |title=Manic-like reaction induced by lorazepam withdrawal |volume=32 |issue=8 |pages=697–8 |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry}}</ref>


  
  *[[Neuroleptic malignant syndrome]]-like event<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12424963 |year=2002 |last1=Kawajiri |first1=M |last2=Ohyagi |first2=Y |last3=Furuya |first3=H |last4=Araki |first4=T |last5=Inoue |first5=N |last6=Esaki |first6=S |last7=Yamada |first7=T |last8=Kira |first8=J |title=A patient with Parkinson's disease complicated by hypothyroidism who developed malignant syndrome after discontinuation of etizolam |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=136–9 |journal=Rinsho shinkeigaku}}</ref><ref name="Strawn-2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.870 |title=Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome |year=2007 |last1=Strawn |first1=Jeffrey |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=164 |issue=6 |pages=870–6 |pmid=17541044 |last2=Keck Jr |first2=PE |last3=Caroff |first3=SN}}</ref> (rare)
  
  *[[Neuroleptic malignant syndrome]]-like event<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12424963 |year=2002 |last1=Kawajiri |first1=M |last2=Ohyagi |first2=Y |last3=Furuya |first3=H |last4=Araki |first4=T |last5=Inoue |first5=N |last6=Esaki |first6=S |last7=Yamada |first7=T |last8=Kira |first8=J |title=A patient with Parkinson's disease complicated by hypothyroidism who developed malignant syndrome after discontinuation of etizolam |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=136–9 |journal=Rinsho shinkeigaku}}</ref><ref name="Strawn-2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.870 |title=Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome |year=2007 |last1=Strawn |first1=Jeffrey |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=164 |issue=6 |pages=870–6 |pmid=17541044 |last2=Keck Jr |first2=PE |last3=Caroff |first3=SN}}</ref> (rare)


  Line 112:
  Line 95:


  
  *[[Post-traumatic stress disorder]]<ref name="pmid1675688" />
  
  *[[Post-traumatic stress disorder]]<ref name="pmid1675688" />


  
  *[[Psychosis]]<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=2595393 |year=1989 |last1=Peh |first1=LH |last2=Mahendran |first2=R |title=Psychiatric complications of Erimin abuse |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=72–3 |journal=Singapore medical journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1976.tb00065.x |title=Withdrawal Psychosis: A Study of 30 Consecutive Cases |year=1976 |last1=Fruensgaard |first1=K. |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=105–18 |pmid=3091}}</ref>
  
  *[[Psychosis]]<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=2595393 |year=1989 |last1=Peh |first1=LH |last2=Mahendran |first2=R |title=Psychiatric complications of Erimin abuse |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=72–3 |journal=Singapore medical journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1976.tb00065.x |title=Withdrawal Psychosis: A Study of 30 Consecutive Cases |year=1976 |last1=Fruensgaard |first1=K. |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=105–18 |pmid=3091}}</ref>


  
  *[[Suicidal ideation]]<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |pmid=11212593 |year=2001 |last1=Einarson |first1=A |last2=Selby |first2=P |last3=Koren |first3=G |title=Abrupt discontinuation of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy: Fear of teratogenic risk and impact of counselling |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=44–8 |pmc=1408034 |journal=Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience}}</ref>
  
  *[[Suicidal ideation]] <ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |pmid=11212593 |year=2001 |last1=Einarson |first1=A |last2=Selby |first2=P |last3=Koren |first3=G |title=Abrupt discontinuation of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy: Fear of teratogenic risk and impact of counselling |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=44–8 |pmc=1408034 |journal=Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience}}</ref>or suicide <ref name=pdatheagtcau/><ref name="pmid28257172">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dodds TJ |title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature |journal=Prim Care Companion CNS Disord |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=28257172 |doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037 }}</ref>


  
  *Suicide<ref name=pdatheagtcau/><ref name="pmid28257172">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dodds TJ |title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature |journal=Prim Care Companion CNS Disord |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=28257172 |doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037 }}</ref>
  
  *Violence and aggression<ref name="pmid9201803" /><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70126-X |title=Violent Patients in the Emergency Setting |year=1999 |last1=Citrome |first1=Leslie |last2=Volavka |first2=Jan |journal=Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=789–801 |pmid=10623971}}</ref>


  
  *Urges to shout, throw, break things or harm someone<ref name="pmid9201803" />
  


  
  *Violence<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70126-X |title=Violent Patients in the Emergency Setting |year=1999 |last1=Citrome |first1=Leslie |last2=Volavka |first2=Jan |journal=Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=789–801 |pmid=10623971}}</ref>
  


  
  }}
  
  }}
@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 '''The following symptoms may emerge during gradual or abrupt dosage reduction:'''
 {{columns-list|2|
-* Aches and [[pain]]s<ref name="pmid9201803" />
-* Agitation and [[anxiety|restlessness]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
 * [[Akathisia]]
-* [[Anxiety]],<ref name="pmid28328330">{{cite journal |vauthors=Soyka M |title=Treatment of Benzodiazepine Dependence |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=376 |issue=12 |pages=1147–1157 |year=2017 |pmid=28328330 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1611832 |url=}}</ref> possible terror and [[panic attack]]s<ref name="Petursson" /><ref name="pmid9201803" />
+* Agitation and [[Anxiety]],<ref name="pmid28328330">{{cite journal |vauthors=Soyka M |title=Treatment of Benzodiazepine Dependence |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=376 |issue=12 |pages=1147–1157 |year=2017 |pmid=28328330 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1611832 |url=}}</ref> possible terror and [[panic attack]]s<ref name="Petursson" /><ref name="pmid9201803" />
 * [[Blurred vision]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
 * [[Chest pain]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
@@ Line 45: / Line 43: @@
 * Depression (can be severe),<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0022-3999(94)90142-2 |title=Anxiety or depression during withdrawal of hypnotic treatments |year=1994 |last1=Lader |first1=Malcolm |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |volume=38 |pages=113–23; discussion 118–23 |pmid=7799243}}</ref> possible [[suicide|suicidal]] ideation
 * [[Derealisation]] (feelings of unreality)<ref name="Mintzer-1999">{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s002130051161 |title=A controlled study of flumazenil-precipitated withdrawal in chronic low-dose benzodiazepine users |year=1999 |last1=Mintzer |first1=M. Z. |last2=Stoller |first2=K. B. |last3=Griffiths |first3=R. R. |journal=Psychopharmacology |volume=147 |issue=2 |pages=200–9 |pmid=10591888}}</ref>
-* [[Diarrhea]]
 * [[Dilated pupils]]<ref name="gabbards"/>
 * [[Dizziness]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
-* [[Double vision]]
 * [[Dry mouth]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
 * [[Dysphoria]]<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=6761826 |year=1982 |last1=Mendelson |first1=WB |last2=Weingartner |first2=H |last3=Greenblatt |first3=DJ |last4=Garnett |first4=D |last5=Gillin |first5=JC |title=A clinical study of flurazepam |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=350–60 |journal=Sleep}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1055/s-2007-1017439 |title=Withdrawal Phenomena after Long-term Administration of Benzodiazepines a Review of Recent Investigations |year=2008 |last1=Schöpf |first1=J. |journal=Pharmacopsychiatry |volume=16 |pages=1–8 |pmid=6131447 |issue=1}}</ref>
-* Electric shock sensations<ref name="ashman" /><ref name=tuobicp>{{cite journal |pmid=6133535 |year=1981 |last1=Shader |first1=RI |last2=Greenblatt |first2=DJ |title=The use of benzodiazepines in clinical practice |volume=11 Suppl 1 |pages=5S–9S |pmc=1401641 |journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |issue=Suppl 1 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01832.x}}</ref>
 * Elevation in [[blood pressure]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00213-004-2009-1 |title=Flumazenil-precipitated withdrawal in healthy volunteers following repeated diazepam exposure |year=2004 |last1=Mintzer |first1=Miriam Z. |last2=Griffiths |first2=Roland R. |journal=Psychopharmacology |volume=178 |issue=2–3 |pages=259–67 |pmid=15452683}}</ref>
 * [[Fatigue (medical)|Fatigue]] and [[weakness]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
+* Gastrointestinal disturbance (including nausea, diarrhea, vomiting)<ref name="nouv"/><ref name="Loeb P">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0750-7658(97)83345-X |title=Sevrage en benzodiazépines révélé par un syndrome douloureux abdominal pseudochirurgical |trans_title=Benzodiazepine withdrawal masquerading as surgical abdominal syndrome |language=French |year=1997 |last1=Loeb |first1=P |last2=Adnet |first2=P |last3=Boittiaux |first3=P |last4=Forget |first4=AP |last5=Mille |first5=FX |journal=Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=521–2}}</ref><ref name="Loeb P" /><ref>http://www.benzo.org.uk/manual/bzcha03.htm#16{{full citation needed|date=October 2013}}</ref>
-* [[Flu-like symptoms]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
+* Hearing disturbance<ref name="pmid9201803" />
-* [[gastrointestinal problem]]s <ref name="Loeb P">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0750-7658(97)83345-X |title=Sevrage en benzodiazépines révélé par un syndrome douloureux abdominal pseudochirurgical |trans_title=Benzodiazepine withdrawal masquerading as surgical abdominal syndrome |language=French |year=1997 |last1=Loeb |first1=P |last2=Adnet |first2=P |last3=Boittiaux |first3=P |last4=Forget |first4=AP |last5=Mille |first5=FX |journal=Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=521–2}}</ref><ref name="Loeb P" /><ref>http://www.benzo.org.uk/manual/bzcha03.htm#16{{full citation needed|date=October 2013}}</ref>
-* [[Hearing impairment]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
 * Headache<ref name="Petursson"/>
 * [[Hot flush|Hot]] and [[Cold chill|cold spells]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
 *[[Hyperosmia]]<ref name="dobcaba">{{cite journal |pmid=7914165 |year=1994 |last1=Pelissolo |first1=A |last2=Bisserbe |first2=JC |title=Dependence on benzodiazepines. Clinical and biological aspects |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=147–57 |journal=L'Encéphale}}</ref>
 *[[Hypertension]]<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15902797 |year=2005 |last1=Biswas |first1=AK |last2=Feldman |first2=BL |last3=Davis |first3=DH |last4=Zintz |first4=EA |title=Myocardial ischemia as a result of severe benzodiazepine and opioid withdrawal |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=207–9 |journal=Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) |doi=10.1081/clt-200053099}}</ref>
-* [[Hypnagogia]]-hallucinations<ref name="pwsfb">{{cite web| author= Professor Heather Ashton| year= 2004| url=http://www.benzo.org.uk/pws04.htm| title= Protracted Withdrawal Symptoms From Benzodiazepines | publisher= Comprehensive Handbook of Drug & Alcohol Addiction}}</ref>
+* [[Hypnagogic]] hallucinations<ref name="pwsfb">{{cite web| author= Professor Heather Ashton| year= 2004| url=http://www.benzo.org.uk/pws04.htm| title= Protracted Withdrawal Symptoms From Benzodiazepines | publisher= Comprehensive Handbook of Drug & Alcohol Addiction}}</ref>
 * [[Hypochondriasis]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
-* Increased sensitivity to [[touch]]<ref name="Mintzer-1999"/>
+* Increased sensitivity to touch<ref name="Mintzer-1999"/>
-* Increased sensitivity to sound<ref name="pmid9201803" />
+* Increased [[urinary frequency]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
-*Increased [[urinary frequency]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
-* Indecision<ref name=pmid9201803/>
 * [[Insomnia]]<ref name="nouv"/>
-* Impaired [[concentration]]<ref name="Petursson"/>
+* Impaired [[memory]] and [[concentration]]<ref name="Petursson"/> <ref name="pmid9201803" />
-* Impaired [[memory]] and [[concentration]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
 * [[Anorexia (symptom)|Loss of appetite]] and [[weight loss]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0022-3956(93)90025-W |title=Discontinuation reactions to alprazolam in panic disorder |year=1993 |last1=Pecknold |first1=J.C. |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research |volume=27 |pages=155–170}}</ref>
-* [[Metallic taste]]<ref name="dobcaba"/>
 * Mild to moderate [[Aphasia]]<ref name="dobcaba"/>
 * [[Mood swings]]<ref name=pmid9201803/>
-* [[Muscular spasms]], [[cramp]]s or [[fasciculations]]<ref name=Lindgren>Kliniska Färdigheter: Informationsutbytet Mellan Patient Och Läkare, LINDGREN, STEFAN, {{ISBN|91-44-37271-X}} (Swedish){{page needed|date=October 2013}}</ref>
+* [[Muscular spasms]], [[cramp]]s, discomfort or [[fasciculations]]<ref name=Lindgren>Kliniska Färdigheter: Informationsutbytet Mellan Patient Och Läkare, LINDGREN, STEFAN, {{ISBN|91-44-37271-X}} (Swedish){{page needed|date=October 2013}}</ref>
-* [[Nausea]] and vomiting<ref name="nouv"/>
 * Nightmares<ref name="nouv">{{cite journal |pmid=6106922 |year=1980 |last1=Bismuth |first1=C |last2=Le Bellec |first2=M |last3=Dally |first3=S |last4=Lagier |first4=G |title=Benzodiazepine physical dependence. 6 cases (author's transl) |volume=9 |issue=28 |pages=1941–5 |journal=La Nouvelle presse medicale}}</ref>
-* [[Numbness and tingling]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
 * [[Obsessive compulsive disorder]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/00005053-198811000-00008 |title=SINGLE CASE STUDY Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Occurring as a Complication in Benzodiazepine Withdrawal |year=1988 |last1=Drummond |first1=Lynne M. |last2=Matthews |first2=Helen P. |journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease |volume=176 |issue=11 |pages=688–91 |pmid=3183654}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=3651695 |year=1987 |last1=Matthews |first1=HP |last2=Drummond |first2=LM |title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder--a complication of benzodiazepine withdrawal |volume=150 |pages=272 |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry}}</ref>
+* [[Paraesthesia]]<ref name="pmid9201803" /><ref name="Mintzer-1999"/><ref name="dobcaba"/><ref name="ashman" /><ref name=tuobicp>{{cite journal |pmid=6133535 |year=1981 |last1=Shader |first1=RI |last2=Greenblatt |first2=DJ |title=The use of benzodiazepines in clinical practice |volume=11 Suppl 1 |pages=5S–9S |pmc=1401641 |journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |issue=Suppl 1 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01832.x}}</ref>
-* [[Paraesthesia]]<ref name="Mintzer-1999"/><ref name="dobcaba"/>
 * [[Paranoia]]<ref name="dobcaba"/>
-* Perception that stationary objects are moving<ref name="Mintzer-1999"/>
 * [[Perspiration]]<ref name="Petursson"/>
 * [[Photophobia]]<ref name="dobcaba"/>
 * [[Postural hypotension]]<ref name="nouv"/>
 * [[REM sleep rebound]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.4088/PCC.v03n0303 |title=Medications for the Treatment of Sleep Disorders |year=2001 |last1=Pagel |first1=J. F. |last2=Parnes |first2=Bennett L. |journal=The Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=118–125 |pmid=15014609 |pmc=181172}}</ref>
-*[[Restless legs syndrome]]<ref name="pmid1675688" />
+* [[Restless legs syndrome]]<ref name="pmid1675688" />
-* Sounds louder than usual<ref name="Mintzer-1999"/>
 * [[Stiffness]]<ref name="pmid9201803" />
 * Taste and smell disturbances<ref name="pmid9201803" />
@@ Line 93: / Line 79: @@
 * [[Tinnitus]]<ref name=tinnitus>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.302.6790.1465 |title=Benzodiazepines and tinnitus |year=1991 |last1=Beeley |first1=L |journal=BMJ |volume=302 |issue=6790 |pages=1465}}</ref>
 * [[Tremor]]<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7139456 |year=1982 |last1=Mellor |first1=CS |last2=Jain |first2=VK |title=Diazepam withdrawal syndrome: Its prolonged and changing nature |volume=127 |issue=11 |pages=1093–6 |pmc=1862031 |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0033291700019899 |title=Depression following withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: A report of four cases |year=2009 |last1=Olajide |first1=Dele |last2=Lader |first2=Malcolm |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=937–40 |pmid=6152745}}</ref>
-* [[Visual disturbance]]s
+* [[Visual disturbance]]s <ref name="Mintzer-1999"/>
 }}
@@ Line 103: / Line 89: @@
 * Coma<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=103443 |year=1979 |last1=De Bard |first1=ML |title=Diazepam withdrawal syndrome: A case with psychosis, seizure, and coma |volume=136 |issue=1 |pages=104–5 |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry}}</ref> (rare)
 *[[Delirium tremens]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurol.2007.11.003 |title=Fatal insomnia and agrypnia excitata: Sleep and the limbic system |year=2008 |last1=Provini |first1=F. |last2=Cortelli |first2=P. |last3=Montagna |first3=P. |last4=Gambetti |first4=P. |last5=Lugaresi |first5=E. |journal=Revue Neurologique |volume=164 |issue=8–9 |pages=692–700 |pmid=18805303}}</ref><ref name="Darcy L">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0750-7658(84)80078-7 |title=Dépendance physique aux benzodiazépines dans un contexte traumatologique |trans_title=Benzodiazepine physical dependence in traumatology |language=French |year=1984 |last1=Berezak |first1=A. |last2=Weber |first2=M. |last3=Hansmann |first3=J. |last4=Tulasne |first4=P.A. |last5=Laporte |first5=B. |last6=Ould Ouali |first6=A. |journal=Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=383–4}}</ref><ref name="Darcy L" />
-*[[Delusion]]s<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=3197017 |year=1988 |last1=Keshavan |first1=MS |last2=Moodley |first2=P |last3=Eales |first3=M |last4=Joyce |first4=E |last5=Yeragani |first5=VK |title=Delusional depression following benzodiazepine withdrawal |volume=33 |issue=7 |pages=626–7 |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry}}</ref>
-*[[Hallucinations]]
 *[[Hyperthermia]]<ref name="nouv"/>
-*[[homicidal ideation]]<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=2335496 |year=1990 |last1=Risse |first1=SC |last2=Whitters |first2=A |last3=Burke |first3=J |last4=Chen |first4=S |last5=Scurfield |first5=RM |last6=Raskind |first6=MA |title=Severe withdrawal symptoms after discontinuation of alprazolam in eight patients with combat-induced posttraumatic stress disorder |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=206–9 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry}}</ref>
 *[[Mania]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0165-0327(89)90028-1 |title=Mania induced by lorazepam withdrawal: A report of two cases |year=1989 |last1=Turkington |first1=Douglas |last2=Gill |first2=Paul |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=17 |pages=93–5 |pmid=2525581 |issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=3690487 |year=1987 |last1=Lapierre |first1=YD |last2=Labelle |first2=A |title=Manic-like reaction induced by lorazepam withdrawal |volume=32 |issue=8 |pages=697–8 |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry}}</ref>
 *[[Neuroleptic malignant syndrome]]-like event<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12424963 |year=2002 |last1=Kawajiri |first1=M |last2=Ohyagi |first2=Y |last3=Furuya |first3=H |last4=Araki |first4=T |last5=Inoue |first5=N |last6=Esaki |first6=S |last7=Yamada |first7=T |last8=Kira |first8=J |title=A patient with Parkinson's disease complicated by hypothyroidism who developed malignant syndrome after discontinuation of etizolam |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=136–9 |journal=Rinsho shinkeigaku}}</ref><ref name="Strawn-2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.870 |title=Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome |year=2007 |last1=Strawn |first1=Jeffrey |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=164 |issue=6 |pages=870–6 |pmid=17541044 |last2=Keck Jr |first2=PE |last3=Caroff |first3=SN}}</ref> (rare)
@@ Line 112: / Line 95: @@
 *[[Post-traumatic stress disorder]]<ref name="pmid1675688" />
 *[[Psychosis]]<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=2595393 |year=1989 |last1=Peh |first1=LH |last2=Mahendran |first2=R |title=Psychiatric complications of Erimin abuse |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=72–3 |journal=Singapore medical journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1976.tb00065.x |title=Withdrawal Psychosis: A Study of 30 Consecutive Cases |year=1976 |last1=Fruensgaard |first1=K. |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=105–18 |pmid=3091}}</ref>
-*[[Suicidal ideation]]<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |pmid=11212593 |year=2001 |last1=Einarson |first1=A |last2=Selby |first2=P |last3=Koren |first3=G |title=Abrupt discontinuation of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy: Fear of teratogenic risk and impact of counselling |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=44–8 |pmc=1408034 |journal=Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience}}</ref>
+*[[Suicidal ideation]] <ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |pmid=11212593 |year=2001 |last1=Einarson |first1=A |last2=Selby |first2=P |last3=Koren |first3=G |title=Abrupt discontinuation of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy: Fear of teratogenic risk and impact of counselling |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=44–8 |pmc=1408034 |journal=Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience}}</ref>or suicide <ref name=pdatheagtcau/><ref name="pmid28257172">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dodds TJ |title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature |journal=Prim Care Companion CNS Disord |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=28257172 |doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037 }}</ref>
-*Suicide<ref name=pdatheagtcau/><ref name="pmid28257172">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dodds TJ |title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature |journal=Prim Care Companion CNS Disord |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=28257172 |doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037 }}</ref>
+*Violence and aggression<ref name="pmid9201803" /><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70126-X |title=Violent Patients in the Emergency Setting |year=1999 |last1=Citrome |first1=Leslie |last2=Volavka |first2=Jan |journal=Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=789–801 |pmid=10623971}}</ref>
-*Urges to shout, throw, break things or harm someone<ref name="pmid9201803" />
-*Violence<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70126-X |title=Violent Patients in the Emergency Setting |year=1999 |last1=Citrome |first1=Leslie |last2=Volavka |first2=Jan |journal=Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=789–801 |pmid=10623971}}</ref>
 }}
-Reason:
+ANN scored at 0.887399

Reporter Information
Reporter:	Anonymous (anonymous)
Date:	Tuesday, the 7th of July 2020 at 01:15:39 PM
Status:	Reviewed - Not included in dataset

Wednesday, the 6th of September 2017 at 08:30:10 AM #109106

Anonymous (anonymous)

Not vandalism

ClueBot NG Report Interface

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