ClueBot NG Report Interface

 ID:
-User:
+.148.5.173
-Article:
+Qizilbash
-Diff:
+            Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
Inline

				
				
				
				
				
				Revision as of 13:18, 26 December 2011 edit
Emadix (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Rollbackers
5,616 edits
m Reverted edits by 84.255.157.2 (talk) to last version by ClueBot NG
← Previous edit
				Revision as of 05:11, 27 December 2011 edit undo
89.148.5.173 (talk)
 no reason to undo
Next edit →
				

  Line 2:
  Line 2:


  
  {{Twelvers|collapsed=1}}
  
  {{Twelvers|collapsed=1}}


  
  [[File:Qezelbash.JPG|thumb|179px|Mannequin of a [[Safavid]] Qizilbash soldier, exhibited in [[Sa'dabad complex|Sa'dabad]], [[Iran]].]]
  
  [[File:Qezelbash.JPG|thumb|179px|Mannequin of a [[Safavid]] Qizilbash soldier, exhibited in [[Sa'dabad complex|Sa'dabad]], [[Iran]].]]


  
  '''Qizilbash''' or '''Kizilbash''' ([[Nastaliq]]: '''قزلباش''' - ''Qızılbāš''; [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] for "Crimson/Red Heads"; sometimes also  ''Qezelbash'' or ''Qazilbash'')<ref>The ''Qazilbash'' form appears to be used primarily in [[Pakistan]]; it is attested, ''e.g.'' in Gupta, Hari Ram (editor) (1956) ''Panjab on the eve of first Sikh War: a documentary study of the political, social and economic conditions of the Panjab as depicted in the daily letters written chiefly from Lahore by British intelligencers during the period 30 December 1848 to 31 October 1844'' Department of History, Panjab University, Hoshiarpur, India, page 199, [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/460671525 OCLC 460671525]; and Khan, Tahawar Ali (1985) "Imtiaz Ali-Qazilbash" ''Biographical encyclopedia of Pakistan'' Biographical Research Institute, Lahore, Pakistan, page 101, [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14193680 OCLC 14193680]</ref> is the label given to a wide variety of [[Shia Islam|Shī‘ī Islam]]ic militant groups (''[[ghulat|ghulāt]]'') that flourished in [[Anatolia]] and [[Kurdistan]] from the late 13th century onwards, some of which contributed to the foundation of the [[Safavid dynasty]] of [[Iran]].<ref name="S-G">Roger M. Savory (ref. Abdülbaki Gölpinarli), [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], "Kizil-Bash", Online Edition 2005</ref> The expression "Red Heads" is derived from their distinctive twelve gored crimson headwear (''tāj'' or ''tark'' in [[Persian language|Persian]]; sometimes specifically titled "Haydar's Crown" / '''تاج حیدر''' / ''Tāj-e Ḥaydar''),<ref>Note: ''Tāj'', meaning ''crown'' in Persian, is also a term for hats used to delineate one's affiliation to a particular Sufi order.</ref> indicating their adherence to the twelve [[Twelver Shi`ism|Ithnā‘asharī]] [[Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)|Imāms]] and to [[Shaykh Haydar]], the spiritual leader (''[[sheikh]]'') of the [[Safaviya (sufi order)|Ṣafaviyya]] movement.<ref name="Momen">Moojan Momen, "An Introduction to Shi'i Islam", Yale Univ. Press, 1985, ''ISBN-0-300-03499-7'', pp. 101-107</ref>
  
  '''Qizilbash''' or '''Kizilbash''' ([[Nastaliq]]: '''قزلباش''' - ''Qızılbāš''; [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] for "Crimson/Red Heads"; sometimes also  ''Qezelbash'' or ''Qazilbash'')<ref>The ''Qazilbash'' form appears to be used primarily in [[Pakistan]]; it is attested, ''e.g.'' in Gupta, Hari Ram (editor) (1956) ''Panjab on the eve of first Sikh War: a documentary study of the political, social and economic conditions of the Panjab as depicted in the daily letters written chiefly from Lahore by British intelligencers during the period 30 December 1848 to 31 October 1844'' Department of History, Panjab University, Hoshiarpur, India, page 199, [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/460671525 OCLC 460671525]; and Khan, Tahawar Ali (1985) "Imtiaz Ali-Qazilbash" ''Biographical encyclopedia of Pakistan'' Biographical Research Institute, Lahore, Pakistan, page 101, [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14193680 OCLC 14193680]</ref> is the label given to a wide variety of [[Shia Islam|Shī‘ī Islam]]ic militant groups that flourished in [[Anatolia]] and from the late 13th century onwards, some of which contributed to the foundation of the [[Safavid dynasty]] of [[Iran]].<ref name="S-G">Roger M. Savory (ref. Abdülbaki Gölpinarli), [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], "Kizil-Bash", Online Edition 2005</ref> The expression "Red Heads" is derived from their distinctive twelve gored crimson headwear (''tāj'' or ''tark'' in [[Persian language|Persian]]; sometimes specifically titled "Haydar's Crown" / '''تاج حیدر''' / ''Tāj-e Ḥaydar''),<ref>Note: ''Tāj'', meaning ''crown'' in Persian, is also a term for hats used to delineate one's affiliation to a particular Sufi order.</ref> indicating their adherence to the twelve [[Twelver Shi`ism|Ithnā‘asharī]] [[Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)|Imāms]] and to [[Shaykh Haydar]], the spiritual leader (''[[sheikh]]'') of the [[Safaviya (sufi order)|Ṣafaviyya]] movement.<ref name="Momen">Moojan Momen, "An Introduction to Shi'i Islam", Yale Univ. Press, 1985, ''ISBN-0-300-03499-7'', pp. 101-107</ref>


  
  

  
  



  
  ==Origins==
  
  ==Origins==


  
  The origin of the Kizilbash - as they were called by their [[Sunni]] Ottoman foes, and who later adopted that name as a mark of pride - can be dated from the 15th century onward, when the [[sheikh|spiritual grandmaster]] of the movement, Haydar (the head of the Ṣafawiyyah Sufi order), organized his followers into militant troops.
  
  The origin of the Kizilbash - as they were called by their [[Sunni]] Ottoman foes, and who later adopted that name as a mark of pride - can be dated from the 15th century onward, when the [[sheikh|spiritual grandmaster]] of the movement, Haydar (the head of the Ṣafawiyyah Sufi order), organized his followers into militant troops.


  
  {{Shia Islam|collapsed=1}}
  
  {{Shia Islam|collapsed=}}


  
  

  
  



  
  Connections between the Kizilbash and other religious groups and [[secret societies]], such as the [[Mazdak]]i movement in the [[Sassanids|Sassanid Empire]], or its more radical offspring, the Persian [[Khurramites|Ḵhorrām-Dīnān ''(Khurrāmīyah)'']] sect, have been suggested. Like the Kizilbash, the latter were an early Shī‘ī ''[[ghulat]]'' group<ref name="S-G" /> and dressed in red, for which they were termed "the red-haired ones" ({{lang-ar|محمره}} ''muḥammirah'') by medieval sources.<ref>H. Anetshofer/H.T. Karateke, ''Traktat über die Derwischmützen (ri̇sāle-i̇ Tāciyye) des Müstaqīm-zāde Süleymān Sāʻdeddīn''; Brill, 2001; ISBN 9004120483 (German original)</ref> In this context, Turkish scholar Abdülbaki Gölpinarli sees the Kizilbash as "spiritual descendants of the Khurramites".<ref name="S-G" />
  
  The Qizilbash were known to fight even if it would cause them death and have been compared to the Japanese [[kamikaze]]<ref name="S-G" /><ref>H. Anetshofer/H.T. Karateke, ''Traktat über die Derwischmützen (ri̇sāle-i̇ Tāciyye) des Müstaqīm-zāde Süleymān Sāʻdeddīn''; Brill, 2001; ISBN 9004120483 (German original)</ref><ref name="S-G" /><ref>F.W. Bussell, "Persistence of Primitive Beliefs in Theology" Folklore. 28 (3), 1917, pp. 279-294</ref>


  
  

  


  
  It has also been speculated that the group had its origins among the mystical [[Ismaili]] [[Hashshashin|Assassin]] sect;<ref>F.W. Bussell, "Persistence of Primitive Beliefs in Theology" Folklore. 28 (3), 1917, pp. 279-294</ref> the assertion is generally disputed as no influence of Ismaili beliefs is apparent in Kizilbash practices.
  


  
  

  
  



  
  ==Organization==
  
  ==Organization==


  
  The Kizilbash were a coalition of many different peoples of predominantly (but not exclusively) [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]-speaking [[Azerbaijani people|Azerbaijani]] background, united in their adherence to the [[Safavid]] doctrine of [[Shiism]].
  
  The Kizilbash were a coalition of many different peoples of predominantly (but not exclusively) [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]-speaking [[Azerbaijani people|Azerbaijani]] background, united in their adherence to the [[Safavid]] doctrine of [[Shiism]].


  
  

  
  



  
  As ''[[murid]]''s of the [[Safaviyya]] ''[[sheikh]]''s (''[[Islam Pir|pir]]''s), the Kizilbash owed implicit obedience to their leader in his capacity as their ''[[Murshid|murshid-e kāmil]]'' ("supreme spiritual director") and, after the establishment of the kingdom, as their ''[[padshah]]'' ("king"), changing the purely religious ''pir - murid'' relationship into a political one. As a consequence, any act of disobedience of the Kizilbash [[Sufi]] against the order of the spiritual grandmaster became ''"an act of treason against the king and a crime against the state"'' (Persian: ''nā-sufīgarī'', "improper conduct of a Sufi") - as was the case in 1614 when [[Shah Abbas I]] put to death some Kizilbash.<ref>Roger M. Savory, "The office of ''khalifat al-khulafa'' under the Safawids", in JOAS, lxxxv, 1965, p. 501</ref>
  
  As ''[[murid]]''s of the [[Safaviyya]] ''[[sheikh]]''s (''[[Islam Pir|pir]]''s), the Kizilbash owed implicit obedience to their leader in his capacity as their ''[[Murshid|murshid-e kāmil]]'' ("supreme spiritual director") and, after the establishment of the kingdom, as their ''[[padshah]]'' ("king"), changing the purely religious ''pir - murid'' relationship into a political one. As a consequence, any act of disobedience of the Kizilbash [[Sufi]] against the order of the spiritual grandmaster became ''"an act of treason against the king and a crime against the state"'' (Persian: ''nā-sufīgarī'', "improper conduct of a Sufi") - as was the 


  
  
  case in 1614 when [[Shah Abbas I]] put to death some Kizilbash.<ref>Roger M. Savory, "The office of ''khalifat al-khulafa'' under the Safawids", in JOAS, lxxxv, 1965, p. 501</ref>


  
  {{Alevism}}
  


  
  

  
  



  
  ==Beliefs==
  
  ==Beliefs==


  
  The Kizilbash adhered to heterodox [[Shi'a]] doctrines encouraged by the early [[Safaviyya]] [[sheikh]]s Haydar and his son [[Ismail I|Isma'il]]. They regarded their rulers as divine figures, and so were classified as ''[[ghulat]]'' extremist by orthodox [[Twelver Shia|Ithnāʻashari Shias]].   Ismail I. presented himself to his Kizilbash followers not as a representative of the ''[[Mahdi|Hidden Imam]]'', but as the ''Hidden Imam'' himself, claiming divinity.<ref name="Momen" /> The Kizilbash would go into battle without armour as an expression of faith in divine protection, while proclaiming ''Ismā'il waliyyu'llāh'' to the Islamic ''[[Shahada]]''.
  
  The Kizilbash adhered to orthodox [[Shi'a]] doctrines encouraged by the early [[Safaviyya]] [[sheikh]]s Haydar and his son [[Ismail I|Isma'il]]. They regarded 


  
  
  their rulers as descendants of of the Twelver Shia Imams.<ref name="Momen" /> 


  
  

  


  
  
  <ref>Moojan Momen, "An Introduction to Shi'i Islam", Yale Univ. Press, 1985, ''ISBN-0-300-03499-7'', p. 397</ref> 


  
  When [[Tabriz]] was taken, there was not a single book on Twelver Shiaism among the Kizilbash leaders; the book of the well known Allama Al-Hilli was procured in the town library to provide religious guidance to the state.<ref>Moojan Momen, "An Introduction to Shi'i Islam", Yale Univ. Press, 1985, ''ISBN-0-300-03499-7'', p. 397</ref> The Shia [[ulema]] did not participate in the formation of Safavid religious policies during the early formation of the state. However, later, the ''[[ghulat]]'' doctrines were forsaken, and Arab [[Twelver Shia]] [[ulema]] resident in [[Lebanon]], [[Iraq]], and [[Bahrain]] were brought in increasing numbers. Initially the [[Shia]] [[ulema]] did not voice dissent about the religious stance of the monarch, but during the following century they were able to impose a stricter version of [[Shia Islam]] on both the population and the state.
  


  
  

  
  



  
  =="Turk & Tājīk"==
  
  =="Turk & Tājīk"==


  Line 60:
  Line 58:


  
  ===The Battle of Chaldiran===
  
  ===The Battle of Chaldiran===


  
  {{Main|Battle of Chaldiran}}
  
  {{Main|Battle of Chaldiran}}


  
  Meanwhile, the Safavid ''da'wa'' (propaganda) continued in Ottoman areas - with great success. Even more alarming for the Ottomans was the successful conversion of Turcoman tribes in eastern Anatolia and Iraq, and the recruitment of these well experienced and feared fighters into the growing Safavid army. In order to stop the Safavid propaganda, [[Bayezid II|Sultan Bayezid II]] deported large numbers of the [[Shi'ite]] population of [[Asia Minor]] to [[Morea]]. However, in 1507, Shah Ismail and the Kizilbash overran large areas of Kurdistan, defeating regional Ottoman forces. Only two years later in Central Asia, the Kizilbash defeated the [[Uzbeks]] at [[Merv]], killing their leader [[Muhammad Shaybani]] and destroying his dynasty. His head was sent to the Ottoman sultan as a warning.
  
  Meanwhile, the Safavid ''da'wa'' (propaganda) continued in Ottoman areas - with great success. Even more alarming for the Ottomans was the successful conversion of Turcoman tribes in eastern Anatolia and Iraq, and the recruitment of these well experienced and feared fighters into the growing Safavid army. In order to stop the Safavid propaganda, [[Bayezid II|Sultan Bayezid II]] deported large numbers of the [[Shi'ite]] population of [[Asia Minor]] to [[Morea]]. 


  
  
  However, in 1507, Shah Ismail and the Kizilbash overran large areas of Kurdistan, defeating regional Ottoman forces. Only two years later in Central Asia, the Kizilbash defeated the [[Uzbeks]] at [[Merv]], killing their leader [[Muhammad Shaybani]] and destroying his dynasty. His head was sent to the Ottoman sultan as a warning.


  
  

  
  



  
  In 1511, an [[Alevi]] revolt known as [[Shahkulu Uprising]]  broke out in [[Antalya Province|Teke]] and was brutally suppressed by the Ottomans: 40,000 were massacred on the order of the sultan. Shah Ismail sought to turn the chaos within the Ottoman Empire to his advantage and invaded Anatolia. The Kizilbash defeated a large Ottoman army under [[Sinan Pasha]]. Shocked by this heavy defeat, [[Selim I|Sultan Selim I]] (the new ruler of the Empire) decided to invade Persia with a force of 200,000 Ottomans and face the Kizilbash on their own soil. In addition, he ordered the persecution of [[Shiism]] and the massacre of all its adherents in the Ottoman Empire.<ref>H.A.R. Gibb & H. Bowen, "Islamic society and the West", i/2, Oxford, 1957, p. 189</ref>
  
  In 1511, an pro-Safavid revolt known as [[Shahkulu Uprising]]  broke out in [[Antalya Province|Teke]] and was brutally suppressed by the Ottomans: 40,000 were massacred on the order of the sultan. Shah Ismail sought to turn the chaos within the Ottoman Empire to his advantage and invaded Anatolia. The Kizilbash defeated a large Ottoman army under [[Sinan Pasha]]. Shocked by this heavy defeat, [[Selim I|Sultan Selim I]] (the new ruler of the Empire) decided to invade Persia with a force of 200,000 Ottomans and face the Kizilbash on their own soil. In addition, he ordered the persecution of [[Shiism]] and the massacre of all its adherents in the Ottoman Empire.<ref>H.A.R. Gibb & H. Bowen, "Islamic society and the West", i/2, Oxford, 1957, p. 189</ref>


  
  

  
  



  
  On the 20 August of 1514 (1st [[Rajab]] 920 A.H.), the two armies met at [[Battle of Chaldiran|Chaldiran]] in [[Iranian Azarbaijan|Azarbaijan]]. The Ottomans -equipped with both firearms and cannon- were reported to outnumber the Kizilbash as much as three to one. The Kizilbash were heavily defeated;<ref>M.J. McCaffrey, [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]], "Čālderān", v, pp. 656-8, ([http://www.iranica.com/newsite/search/searchpdf.isc?ReqStrPDFPath=/home/iranica/public_html/newsite/pdfarticles/v4_articles/calderan&OptStrLogFile=/home/iranica/public_html/newsite/logs/pdfdownload.html LINK])</ref> casualties included many high-ranking Kizilbash ''[[amir]]s'' as well as three influential ''ulamā''.
  
  On the 20 August of 1514 (1st [[Rajab]] 920 A.H.), the two armies met at [[Battle of Chaldiran|Chaldiran]] in [[Iranian Azarbaijan|Azarbaijan]]. The Ottomans -equipped with both firearms and cannon- were reported to outnumber the Kizilbash as much as three to one. The Kizilbash were heavily defeated;<ref>M.J. McCaffrey, [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]], "Čālderān", v, pp. 656-8, ([http://www.iranica.com/newsite/search/searchpdf.isc?ReqStrPDFPath=/home/iranica/public_html/newsite/pdfarticles/v4_articles/calderan&OptStrLogFile=/home/iranica/public_html/newsite/logs/pdfdownload.html LINK])</ref> casualties included many high-ranking Kizilbash ''[[amir]]s'' as well as three influential 


  
  

  
  



  
  The defeat destroyed Shah Ismail's belief in his own invincibility and divine status. It also fundamentally altered the relationship between the ''murshid-e kāmil'' and his ''murid''s.
  
  The defeat fundamentally altered the relationship between the ''murshid-e kāmil'' and his ''murid''s.


  
  

  
  



  
  ===The Qizilbash and the Mughals of South Asia===
  
  ===The Qizilbash and the Mughals of South Asia===
@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Twelvers|collapsed=1}}
 [[File:Qezelbash.JPG|thumb|179px|Mannequin of a [[Safavid]] Qizilbash soldier, exhibited in [[Sa'dabad complex|Sa'dabad]], [[Iran]].]]
-'''Qizilbash''' or '''Kizilbash''' ([[Nastaliq]]: '''قزلباش''' - ''Qızılbāš''; [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] for "Crimson/Red Heads"; sometimes also  ''Qezelbash'' or ''Qazilbash'')<ref>The ''Qazilbash'' form appears to be used primarily in [[Pakistan]]; it is attested, ''e.g.'' in Gupta, Hari Ram (editor) (1956) ''Panjab on the eve of first Sikh War: a documentary study of the political, social and economic conditions of the Panjab as depicted in the daily letters written chiefly from Lahore by British intelligencers during the period 30 December 1848 to 31 October 1844'' Department of History, Panjab University, Hoshiarpur, India, page 199, [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/460671525 OCLC 460671525]; and Khan, Tahawar Ali (1985) "Imtiaz Ali-Qazilbash" ''Biographical encyclopedia of Pakistan'' Biographical Research Institute, Lahore, Pakistan, page 101, [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14193680 OCLC 14193680]</ref> is the label given to a wide variety of [[Shia Islam|Shī‘ī Islam]]ic militant groups (''[[ghulat|ghulāt]]'') that flourished in [[Anatolia]] and [[Kurdistan]] from the late 13th century onwards, some of which contributed to the foundation of the [[Safavid dynasty]] of [[Iran]].<ref name="S-G">Roger M. Savory (ref. Abdülbaki Gölpinarli), [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], "Kizil-Bash", Online Edition 2005</ref> The expression "Red Heads" is derived from their distinctive twelve gored crimson headwear (''tāj'' or ''tark'' in [[Persian language|Persian]]; sometimes specifically titled "Haydar's Crown" / '''تاج حیدر''' / ''Tāj-e Ḥaydar''),<ref>Note: ''Tāj'', meaning ''crown'' in Persian, is also a term for hats used to delineate one's affiliation to a particular Sufi order.</ref> indicating their adherence to the twelve [[Twelver Shi`ism|Ithnā‘asharī]] [[Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)|Imāms]] and to [[Shaykh Haydar]], the spiritual leader (''[[sheikh]]'') of the [[Safaviya (sufi order)|Ṣafaviyya]] movement.<ref name="Momen">Moojan Momen, "An Introduction to Shi'i Islam", Yale Univ. Press, 1985, ''ISBN-0-300-03499-7'', pp. 101-107</ref>
+'''Qizilbash''' or '''Kizilbash''' ([[Nastaliq]]: '''قزلباش''' - ''Qızılbāš''; [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] for "Crimson/Red Heads"; sometimes also  ''Qezelbash'' or ''Qazilbash'')<ref>The ''Qazilbash'' form appears to be used primarily in [[Pakistan]]; it is attested, ''e.g.'' in Gupta, Hari Ram (editor) (1956) ''Panjab on the eve of first Sikh War: a documentary study of the political, social and economic conditions of the Panjab as depicted in the daily letters written chiefly from Lahore by British intelligencers during the period 30 December 1848 to 31 October 1844'' Department of History, Panjab University, Hoshiarpur, India, page 199, [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/460671525 OCLC 460671525]; and Khan, Tahawar Ali (1985) "Imtiaz Ali-Qazilbash" ''Biographical encyclopedia of Pakistan'' Biographical Research Institute, Lahore, Pakistan, page 101, [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14193680 OCLC 14193680]</ref> is the label given to a wide variety of [[Shia Islam|Shī‘ī Islam]]ic militant groups that flourished in [[Anatolia]] and from the late 13th century onwards, some of which contributed to the foundation of the [[Safavid dynasty]] of [[Iran]].<ref name="S-G">Roger M. Savory (ref. Abdülbaki Gölpinarli), [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], "Kizil-Bash", Online Edition 2005</ref> The expression "Red Heads" is derived from their distinctive twelve gored crimson headwear (''tāj'' or ''tark'' in [[Persian language|Persian]]; sometimes specifically titled "Haydar's Crown" / '''تاج حیدر''' / ''Tāj-e Ḥaydar''),<ref>Note: ''Tāj'', meaning ''crown'' in Persian, is also a term for hats used to delineate one's affiliation to a particular Sufi order.</ref> indicating their adherence to the twelve [[Twelver Shi`ism|Ithnā‘asharī]] [[Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)|Imāms]] and to [[Shaykh Haydar]], the spiritual leader (''[[sheikh]]'') of the [[Safaviya (sufi order)|Ṣafaviyya]] movement.<ref name="Momen">Moojan Momen, "An Introduction to Shi'i Islam", Yale Univ. Press, 1985, ''ISBN-0-300-03499-7'', pp. 101-107</ref>
 ==Origins==
 The origin of the Kizilbash - as they were called by their [[Sunni]] Ottoman foes, and who later adopted that name as a mark of pride - can be dated from the 15th century onward, when the [[sheikh|spiritual grandmaster]] of the movement, Haydar (the head of the Ṣafawiyyah Sufi order), organized his followers into militant troops.
-{{Shia Islam|collapsed=1}}
+{{Shia Islam|collapsed=}}
-Connections between the Kizilbash and other religious groups and [[secret societies]], such as the [[Mazdak]]i movement in the [[Sassanids|Sassanid Empire]], or its more radical offspring, the Persian [[Khurramites|Ḵhorrām-Dīnān ''(Khurrāmīyah)'']] sect, have been suggested. Like the Kizilbash, the latter were an early Shī‘ī ''[[ghulat]]'' group<ref name="S-G" /> and dressed in red, for which they were termed "the red-haired ones" ({{lang-ar|محمره}} ''muḥammirah'') by medieval sources.<ref>H. Anetshofer/H.T. Karateke, ''Traktat über die Derwischmützen (ri̇sāle-i̇ Tāciyye) des Müstaqīm-zāde Süleymān Sāʻdeddīn''; Brill, 2001; ISBN 9004120483 (German original)</ref> In this context, Turkish scholar Abdülbaki Gölpinarli sees the Kizilbash as "spiritual descendants of the Khurramites".<ref name="S-G" />
+The Qizilbash were known to fight even if it would cause them death and have been compared to the Japanese [[kamikaze]]<ref name="S-G" /><ref>H. Anetshofer/H.T. Karateke, ''Traktat über die Derwischmützen (ri̇sāle-i̇ Tāciyye) des Müstaqīm-zāde Süleymān Sāʻdeddīn''; Brill, 2001; ISBN 9004120483 (German original)</ref><ref name="S-G" /><ref>F.W. Bussell, "Persistence of Primitive Beliefs in Theology" Folklore. 28 (3), 1917, pp. 279-294</ref>
-It has also been speculated that the group had its origins among the mystical [[Ismaili]] [[Hashshashin|Assassin]] sect;<ref>F.W. Bussell, "Persistence of Primitive Beliefs in Theology" Folklore. 28 (3), 1917, pp. 279-294</ref> the assertion is generally disputed as no influence of Ismaili beliefs is apparent in Kizilbash practices.
 ==Organization==
 The Kizilbash were a coalition of many different peoples of predominantly (but not exclusively) [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]-speaking [[Azerbaijani people|Azerbaijani]] background, united in their adherence to the [[Safavid]] doctrine of [[Shiism]].
-As ''[[murid]]''s of the [[Safaviyya]] ''[[sheikh]]''s (''[[Islam Pir|pir]]''s), the Kizilbash owed implicit obedience to their leader in his capacity as their ''[[Murshid|murshid-e kāmil]]'' ("supreme spiritual director") and, after the establishment of the kingdom, as their ''[[padshah]]'' ("king"), changing the purely religious ''pir - murid'' relationship into a political one. As a consequence, any act of disobedience of the Kizilbash [[Sufi]] against the order of the spiritual grandmaster became ''"an act of treason against the king and a crime against the state"'' (Persian: ''nā-sufīgarī'', "improper conduct of a Sufi") - as was the case in 1614 when [[Shah Abbas I]] put to death some Kizilbash.<ref>Roger M. Savory, "The office of ''khalifat al-khulafa'' under the Safawids", in JOAS, lxxxv, 1965, p. 501</ref>
+As ''[[murid]]''s of the [[Safaviyya]] ''[[sheikh]]''s (''[[Islam Pir|pir]]''s), the Kizilbash owed implicit obedience to their leader in his capacity as their ''[[Murshid|murshid-e kāmil]]'' ("supreme spiritual director") and, after the establishment of the kingdom, as their ''[[padshah]]'' ("king"), changing the purely religious ''pir - murid'' relationship into a political one. As a consequence, any act of disobedience of the Kizilbash [[Sufi]] against the order of the spiritual grandmaster became ''"an act of treason against the king and a crime against the state"'' (Persian: ''nā-sufīgarī'', "improper conduct of a Sufi") - as was the
+case in 1614 when [[Shah Abbas I]] put to death some Kizilbash.<ref>Roger M. Savory, "The office of ''khalifat al-khulafa'' under the Safawids", in JOAS, lxxxv, 1965, p. 501</ref>
-{{Alevism}}
 ==Beliefs==
-The Kizilbash adhered to heterodox [[Shi'a]] doctrines encouraged by the early [[Safaviyya]] [[sheikh]]s Haydar and his son [[Ismail I|Isma'il]]. They regarded their rulers as divine figures, and so were classified as ''[[ghulat]]'' extremist by orthodox [[Twelver Shia|Ithnāʻashari Shias]].   Ismail I. presented himself to his Kizilbash followers not as a representative of the ''[[Mahdi|Hidden Imam]]'', but as the ''Hidden Imam'' himself, claiming divinity.<ref name="Momen" /> The Kizilbash would go into battle without armour as an expression of faith in divine protection, while proclaiming ''Ismā'il waliyyu'llāh'' to the Islamic ''[[Shahada]]''.
+The Kizilbash adhered to orthodox [[Shi'a]] doctrines encouraged by the early [[Safaviyya]] [[sheikh]]s Haydar and his son [[Ismail I|Isma'il]]. They regarded
+their rulers as descendants of of the Twelver Shia Imams.<ref name="Momen" />
+<ref>Moojan Momen, "An Introduction to Shi'i Islam", Yale Univ. Press, 1985, ''ISBN-0-300-03499-7'', p. 397</ref>
-When [[Tabriz]] was taken, there was not a single book on Twelver Shiaism among the Kizilbash leaders; the book of the well known Allama Al-Hilli was procured in the town library to provide religious guidance to the state.<ref>Moojan Momen, "An Introduction to Shi'i Islam", Yale Univ. Press, 1985, ''ISBN-0-300-03499-7'', p. 397</ref> The Shia [[ulema]] did not participate in the formation of Safavid religious policies during the early formation of the state. However, later, the ''[[ghulat]]'' doctrines were forsaken, and Arab [[Twelver Shia]] [[ulema]] resident in [[Lebanon]], [[Iraq]], and [[Bahrain]] were brought in increasing numbers. Initially the [[Shia]] [[ulema]] did not voice dissent about the religious stance of the monarch, but during the following century they were able to impose a stricter version of [[Shia Islam]] on both the population and the state.
 =="Turk & Tājīk"==
@@ Line 60: / Line 58: @@
 ===The Battle of Chaldiran===
 {{Main|Battle of Chaldiran}}
-Meanwhile, the Safavid ''da'wa'' (propaganda) continued in Ottoman areas - with great success. Even more alarming for the Ottomans was the successful conversion of Turcoman tribes in eastern Anatolia and Iraq, and the recruitment of these well experienced and feared fighters into the growing Safavid army. In order to stop the Safavid propaganda, [[Bayezid II|Sultan Bayezid II]] deported large numbers of the [[Shi'ite]] population of [[Asia Minor]] to [[Morea]]. However, in 1507, Shah Ismail and the Kizilbash overran large areas of Kurdistan, defeating regional Ottoman forces. Only two years later in Central Asia, the Kizilbash defeated the [[Uzbeks]] at [[Merv]], killing their leader [[Muhammad Shaybani]] and destroying his dynasty. His head was sent to the Ottoman sultan as a warning.
+Meanwhile, the Safavid ''da'wa'' (propaganda) continued in Ottoman areas - with great success. Even more alarming for the Ottomans was the successful conversion of Turcoman tribes in eastern Anatolia and Iraq, and the recruitment of these well experienced and feared fighters into the growing Safavid army. In order to stop the Safavid propaganda, [[Bayezid II|Sultan Bayezid II]] deported large numbers of the [[Shi'ite]] population of [[Asia Minor]] to [[Morea]].
+However, in 1507, Shah Ismail and the Kizilbash overran large areas of Kurdistan, defeating regional Ottoman forces. Only two years later in Central Asia, the Kizilbash defeated the [[Uzbeks]] at [[Merv]], killing their leader [[Muhammad Shaybani]] and destroying his dynasty. His head was sent to the Ottoman sultan as a warning.
-In 1511, an [[Alevi]] revolt known as [[Shahkulu Uprising]]  broke out in [[Antalya Province|Teke]] and was brutally suppressed by the Ottomans: 40,000 were massacred on the order of the sultan. Shah Ismail sought to turn the chaos within the Ottoman Empire to his advantage and invaded Anatolia. The Kizilbash defeated a large Ottoman army under [[Sinan Pasha]]. Shocked by this heavy defeat, [[Selim I|Sultan Selim I]] (the new ruler of the Empire) decided to invade Persia with a force of 200,000 Ottomans and face the Kizilbash on their own soil. In addition, he ordered the persecution of [[Shiism]] and the massacre of all its adherents in the Ottoman Empire.<ref>H.A.R. Gibb & H. Bowen, "Islamic society and the West", i/2, Oxford, 1957, p. 189</ref>
+In 1511, an pro-Safavid revolt known as [[Shahkulu Uprising]]  broke out in [[Antalya Province|Teke]] and was brutally suppressed by the Ottomans: 40,000 were massacred on the order of the sultan. Shah Ismail sought to turn the chaos within the Ottoman Empire to his advantage and invaded Anatolia. The Kizilbash defeated a large Ottoman army under [[Sinan Pasha]]. Shocked by this heavy defeat, [[Selim I|Sultan Selim I]] (the new ruler of the Empire) decided to invade Persia with a force of 200,000 Ottomans and face the Kizilbash on their own soil. In addition, he ordered the persecution of [[Shiism]] and the massacre of all its adherents in the Ottoman Empire.<ref>H.A.R. Gibb & H. Bowen, "Islamic society and the West", i/2, Oxford, 1957, p. 189</ref>
-On the 20 August of 1514 (1st [[Rajab]] 920 A.H.), the two armies met at [[Battle of Chaldiran|Chaldiran]] in [[Iranian Azarbaijan|Azarbaijan]]. The Ottomans -equipped with both firearms and cannon- were reported to outnumber the Kizilbash as much as three to one. The Kizilbash were heavily defeated;<ref>M.J. McCaffrey, [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]], "Čālderān", v, pp. 656-8, ([http://www.iranica.com/newsite/search/searchpdf.isc?ReqStrPDFPath=/home/iranica/public_html/newsite/pdfarticles/v4_articles/calderan&OptStrLogFile=/home/iranica/public_html/newsite/logs/pdfdownload.html LINK])</ref> casualties included many high-ranking Kizilbash ''[[amir]]s'' as well as three influential ''ulamā''.
+On the 20 August of 1514 (1st [[Rajab]] 920 A.H.), the two armies met at [[Battle of Chaldiran|Chaldiran]] in [[Iranian Azarbaijan|Azarbaijan]]. The Ottomans -equipped with both firearms and cannon- were reported to outnumber the Kizilbash as much as three to one. The Kizilbash were heavily defeated;<ref>M.J. McCaffrey, [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]], "Čālderān", v, pp. 656-8, ([http://www.iranica.com/newsite/search/searchpdf.isc?ReqStrPDFPath=/home/iranica/public_html/newsite/pdfarticles/v4_articles/calderan&OptStrLogFile=/home/iranica/public_html/newsite/logs/pdfdownload.html LINK])</ref> casualties included many high-ranking Kizilbash ''[[amir]]s'' as well as three influential
-The defeat destroyed Shah Ismail's belief in his own invincibility and divine status. It also fundamentally altered the relationship between the ''murshid-e kāmil'' and his ''murid''s.
+The defeat fundamentally altered the relationship between the ''murshid-e kāmil'' and his ''murid''s.
 ===The Qizilbash and the Mughals of South Asia===
-Reason:
+ANN scored at 0.903327

Reporter Information
Reporter:	Anonymous (anonymous)
Date:	Sunday, the 29th of August 2021 at 05:43:27 PM
Status:	Partially reviewed

Tuesday, the 27th of December 2011 at 12:20:42 AM #3536

Anonymous (anonymous)

i said put an indepenent source to prove that they were ghulat and not an anti safavid source

also please lock the page

Wednesday, the 28th of December 2011 at 05:50:29 PM #3837

System (super admin)

Crazynas has marked this report as "Sending to Review Interface".

Wednesday, the 28th of December 2011 at 07:18:45 PM #3848

System (super admin)

Review Interface has marked this report as "Queued to be reviewed".

Wednesday, the 28th of December 2011 at 08:19:08 PM #3899

System (super admin)