Article: Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
South Haven, Michigan, USA
Waldemar Gurian (February 13, 1902 – May 26, 1954) was a Russian-born German-American political scientist, author, and professor at the University of Notre Dame. He is regarded particularly as a theorist of totalitarianism as well as political Catholicism.
In 1939 after escaping Nazi Germany and taking a professorship at Notre Dame, Gurian founded The Review of Politics. The quarterly scholarly journal was modeled after German Catholic journals. It quickly emerged as part of an international Catholic intellectual revival, offering an alternative vision to positivist philosophy. For 44 years, the Review was edited by Gurian, Matthew Fitzsimons, Frederick Crosson, and Thomas Stritch. Intellectual leaders included Gurian, Jacques Maritain, Frank O'Malley, Leo Richard Ward, F. A. Hermens, and John U. Nef. It became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns, especially from a Catholic and scholastic tradition.
Selected bibliography
The political and social ideas of French Catholicism, 1789-1914, 1929.
The integral nationalism in France: Charles Maurras and the Action Française, 1931.
Bolshevism: Theory and Practice, New York, Macmillan, 1932.
Hitler and the Christians. Studies in Fascism: Ideology and Practice, AMS Press, 1936, 175 p.
The Future of Bolshevism, Sheed & Ward, 1936, 125 p.
The Rise and Decline of Marxism, Oates & Washbourne, 1938, 184 p.
Russia and the Peace, 1945.
Soviet Russia: A University of Notre Dame Symposium, University of Notre Dame, 1950.
"The Development of the Soviet Regime: From Lenin to Stalin", The Soviet Union: Background, Ideology, Reality, University of Notre Dame Press, 1951.
Bolshevism: An Introduction to Soviet Communism, University of Notre Dame Press, 1952.
Soviet Imperialism: Its Origins and Tactics, a Symposium, (ed.), University of Notre Dame Press, 1953.
The Catholic Church in World Affairs (with M.A. Fitzsimons), University of Notre Dame Press, 1954, 420 p.
"Totalitarianism as Political Religion", Totalitarianism, New York, Grosset & Dunlap, 1964.
Notes
Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
South Haven, Michigan, USA |
Source: NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY IN REFLECTION
ITS SPECTACULAR IN COLOR
DEE FINNEY'S BLOG
START DATE JULY 20, 2011
TODAY'S DATE MAY 28, 2012
PAGE 227
TOPIC: QUASIMOTO AND THE HUNCHBACK OF NOTRE DAME
5-28-12 - YESTERDAY - THOTH - TODAY QUASIMOTO
DREAM - I had a job as some kind of inspector at a very large school.
There were two of us. The other one was a woman who reminded me of
Our Miss Brooks, but could have been Nora, the District Attorney from One Life
to Live. (She is more recently Dr. Barton - a psychiatrist on The Bold and
the Beautiful TV show)
We both did the same job but from opposite perspectives. I told her
that I inspected the school, starting in the basement and ending on the third
floor. she told me that she started on the third floor and ended up in
the basement. I figured as long as there were two of us, we'd get the job
done somehow.
I went up to my apartment which had a long hallway inside the apartment with
a door at the end. The door opened and in came Quasimoto wearing only thin
underwear from the waist down. He was naked from the waist up. He
was accompanied by Jack who is a businessman from The Young and the Restless
whose ambition is to own two perfume companies. However I couldn't bear to
look at Quasimoto in his underwear so I forced myself to wake up.
When I went back to sleep, I was in my apartment alone, disgusted at how
neglected it was. I had a lot of plants (vines of various kinds) that were
struggling to live and I was trying to help them, but obviously I wasn't paying
enough attention to them, but when I checked their roots I could see they were
still struggling to live so I helped them as long as they were trying.
However, the throw rugs in the apartment were askew and I saw half grown
kittens making doo doo on the carpet and some of it was all dried up and it all
had to be picked up. While I was doing that, two women came in without
knocking to help me clean. I asked them why they didn't knock, and they
said that their schedule was posted on the bulletin board in the lobby which I
hadn't looked at.
So they started cleaning, doing all the same things I had just done. One
of the women (Rebecca) asked me if she could have the throw rugs, and I
said, "No!" She proceeded to throw away my vines, and I grabbed them back
after looking for their roots and if they had at least one, I put them back into
the continers they ahd come from. I wasn't going to give up on them.
After te women left, I looked at the aartment again and saw what looked like
candelabras on tables along the walls, and the apartment looked wonderful, but
then as I looked harder, the candelabras looked like Mexican vines struggling to
grow up the walls. They still looked beautiful because they were trying to
grow.
NOTE FROM DEE: I've been growing vines in many dreams over the years.
Here they are iin case the readers dream the same thing.
http://www.google.com/#sclient=psy-ab&hl=en&rlz=1R2ACGW_enUS361&q=site:greatdreams.com++dream+vines&oq=site:greatdreams.com++dream+vines&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_l=serp.3...534855.550070.0.550900.60.40.0.0.0.3.274.5726.0j34j2.37.0...0.0.99gYAffFG-U&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=e8ff354b509b22cf&biw=917&bih=464 OUR MISS BROOKS: Our Miss Brooks
- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Our _ Miss _ Brooks Cached - Similar
You +1'd this publicly.
Undo Our Miss Brooks
is an American situation comedy
starring Eve Arden as a sardonic high school English teacher. It began as a
radio show broadcast on CBS
... Characters - Radio - Television - Awards NORA HANNON
Made for TV Mayhem: Toe Tapping with
One Life to Live
madefortvmayhem.blogspot.com/.../toe-tapping-with- one - life-to-live ... Cached
You +1'd this publicly.
Undo
May 17, 2010 –
Turns out my answer
was it went to ABC's
One Life to Live
! ... change from Nora Hannon Gannon to Nora Hannon Gannon Buchanan (no joke!) ...
Here's the info on Rebecca --
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca
<< Eliezer devised a test in order to find the right wife for Isaac. As he
stood at the central well in Abraham's birthplace with his men and ten
camels laden with goods, he prayed to God:
"Let it be that the maiden to whom I shall say, 'Please tip over your jug so
I may drink,' and who replies, 'Drink, and I will even water your camels,'
her will You have designated for Your servant, for Isaac" (Genesis 24:14).
To his surprise, a young girl immediately came out and offered to draw water
for him to drink, as well as water to fill the troughs for all his camels.
Rebecca continued to draw water until all the camels were sated, proving her
kind and generous nature and her suitability for entering Abraham's
household. >>
Note that the camels (hump backs) got watered. It fits well with the
camel-lion-baby story.
Here are some excerpts about water from the apokalypso site. The word water
appears 49 times --
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ http://apokalypso.com/jblch4.htm
Just as the World had to be left “incomplete” to allow for an opening
through which the divine Light could be infused, the same is true of the
Torah. The written Torah was left “open” by design so that its deepest
levels of meaning could be uncovered by the studies of righteous men and
women. In this manner, there has accumulated over the ages a body of Oral
Tradition, which is the indispensable complement of the written text. While
there is an accepted literal meaning to the text, based on the so-called
Masoretic vowel markings added by Jewish scribes of the 1st Century CE, this
literal meaning is only the surface of an infinitely deep “well” of sacred
Wisdom. Each individual human Soul has the innate ability to draw from this
well some unique insight which is not accessible to others. To draw this
“living Water” from the Scriptures is actually the highest mission in the
life of each person. Only by doing so can each of us satisfy the “thirst” to
become a whole Being, a complete Self. It’s just as Jesus told the Samaritan
woman at the well of Sychar: Whosoever drinks of this Water shall never
thirst again. -
John’s Gospel recites that, on the last day of Succoth, Christ had an
ecstatic vision of a river of Living Water connecting all of the celebrants
from within. -
Allegorically speaking, therefore, the crime of Tantalus forever excludes
him from drinking of the Living Water which restores the Soul to its Eternal
dwelling place. -
They demanded Moses give them “verifiable” proof of God’s Presence among
them by producing water from a rock.
-
What we see here are not mere literary tricks to impress the reader.
Instead, we=re being taught, again and again, that the literal reading of
the Holy Writ is but the surface, the outer garment of a meaning that
resides in an unwritten subtext. The Truth that the Scriptures embody is a
fluid one, constantly flowing and changing course. If we go below the
surface to draw the fluid meaning from the well of Living Water, then our
experience of the Wilderness Midbar comes up “out of a word”. But if we seek
spiritual nourishment from the arid stones of static abstraction, we draw
“from pestilence” a meaningless experience in a desert of despair.
-
As we noted in our last chapter, the “branch” which sweetened the bitter
waters of Marah was part of the Tree of Life.
-
In Genesis, the division of Light from Darkness — and the attendant creation
of Hell — on the First Day is followed on the Second Day by the creation of
a firmament to separate the Lower Waters from the Upper Waters. The imagery
of the “separation of the Waters” actually alludes to the establishment of
the “bottom level” or Foundation of physical Reality.
-
For my people have committed two evils; they have forsaken me, the fountain
of living waters, and hewed them out cisterns, broken cisterns, that can
hold no water. -
If the unity of the Pleroma is pictured as a Bow, then the Neshamah is the
Bowstring, providing the vital tension between the Bow’s opposite poles. The
unity of what Blake called Contraries is the source of Life’s energy, the
source of the Living Water from whence each Soul draws a different thread
from the vast fractal tapestry of Truth.
In this regard, it=s noteworthy that Zechariah uses the Hebrew word for
“staff” maqqelah, which is closely linked to the term for a “source of
water” maqor. The word maqqelah can also be rendered as a “rod”, such as the
one Moses used to part the Red Sea and draw water from a rock in the
Wilderness. Thus, the unification of human Consciousness enabled by the
Neshamah allows Man to transcend mundane Reality, to break free from the
cage of “objective facts” and create a divinely inspired Reality of his own
from moment to moment.
-
Consistent with it’s “schismatic” connotation, Shechem was the locale where
the ruling houses of Israel and Judah formally split with one another.[69]
It’s also the town, now known as Nablus, where Joseph is buried. By far the
most intriguing aspect of the place, however, is that it was the site of the
well of Living Water, where Jesus first identified himself as the Messiah.
-
As for thee also, by the blood of thy covenant I have sent forth the
prisoners out of the pit wherein is no water ...
THE HUNCHBACK OF NOTE DAME
The Hunchback of Notre-Dame
( French : Notre-Dame de Paris
, "Our Lady of Paris") is a novel by
Victor Hugo
published in 1831. The French title refers to the
Notre Dame Cathedral
in Paris, on which the story is centered. The Notre
Dame Cathedral is one of the largest and most well-known cathedrals in the
world. [ 1 ]
Victor Hugo began writing
The Hunchback of Notre-Dame
in 1829. The
agreement with his original publisher, Gosselin, was that the book would be
finished that same year, but Hugo was constantly delayed due to the demands of
other projects. By the summer of 1830, Gosselin demanded Victor Hugo to complete
the book by February 1831. Beginning in September 1830, Hugo worked nonstop on
the project thereafter. The book was finished six months later.
[ edit ] Synopsis
The story begins on
Epiphany
(6 January), 1482, the day of the '
Feast of Fools
' in Paris, France.
Quasimodo ,
is introduced by his crowning as King of Fools.
Esmeralda, a beautiful Gypsy
with a kind and generous heart, captures the hearts of many men, including those
of a Captain Phoebus and a poor street poet, Pierre Gringoire, but especially
those of Quasimodo and his adoptive father, Claude Frollo, the
Archdeacon
of Notre Dame. Frollo is torn between his obsessive love and the rules of the
church. He orders Quasimodo to kidnap her, but the
hunchback
is suddenly captured by Phoebus and his guards who save Esmeralda.
Quasimodo is sentenced to be flogged and turned on the
pillory for
one hour, followed by another hour's public exposure. He calls for water.
Esmeralda, seeing his thirst,
offers
him a drink. It saves him, and she captures his heart.
Esmeralda is later charged with the attempted murder of Phoebus, whom Frollo
actually attempted to kill in jealousy, after seeing him about to have sex with
Esmeralda, and is tortured and sentenced to death by hanging. As she is being
led to the gallows, Quasimodo swings down by the bell rope of Notre Dame and
carries her off to the cathedral under the
law of sanctuary
. Clopin, a street performer, rallies the Truands (criminals
of Paris) to charge the cathedral and rescue Esmeralda.
Frollo asks the king to remove Esmeralda's right to sanctuary so she can no
longer seek shelter in the church and will be taken from the church and killed.
When Quasimodo sees the Truands, he assumes they are there to hurt Esmeralda, so
he drives them off. Likewise, he thinks the King's men want to rescue her, and
tries to help them find her. She is rescued by Frollo and her phony husband,
Gringoire. But after yet another failed attempt to
win
her love, Frollo betrays Esmeralda by handing her to the troops and
watches while she is being hanged.
When Frollo laughs during Esmeralda's hanging, Quasimodo pushes him from the
heights of Notre Dame to his death. Quasimodo then goes to the vaults under the
huge gibbet of Montfaucon, and lies next to Esmeralda's corpse, where it had
been unceremoniously thrown after the execution. He stays at Montfaucon, and
eventually dies of starvation. About eighteen months later, the tomb is opened,
and the skeletons are found. As someone tries to separate them, Quasimodo's
bones turn to dust.
Quasimodo
is a fictional character in the novel
The Hunchback of Notre-Dame
(1831) by Victor Hugo
. Quasimodo was born with a
hunchback
and feared by the townspeople as a sort of monster but he finds sanctuary in an
unlikely love that is fulfilled only in death. The role of Quasimodo has been
played by many actors in film and stage adaptations, including
Lon Chaney, Sr. (1923) and Charles Laughton
(1939), as well as the
1996 Disney animated adaptation
. In 2010, a British researcher found
evidence suggesting there was a real-life hunchbacked stone carver who worked at
Notre Dame during the same period Victor Hugo was writing the novel and they may
have even known one another.
[ 1 ]
Quasimodo was born with
physical deformities
, which Hugo describes as a huge wart that covers his right eye
and a severely hunched back
. He is found abandoned in
Notre Dame
(on the foundlings' bed, where orphans and unwanted children are
left to public charity) on
Quasimodo Sunday
, the first Sunday after Easter, by
Claude Frollo , the Archdeacon
of Notre Dame, who adopts the baby, names him after the day the baby was found,
and brings him up to be the
bell-ringer
of the Cathedral. Due to the loud ringing of the bells,
Quasimodo also becomes deaf .
Although he is hated for his deformity, it is revealed that he is fairly kind at
heart.
Looked upon by the general populace of
Paris as a
monster, he relies on his master Claude Frollo and frequently accompanies him
when the Archdeacon walks out. He first encounters the beautiful
Gypsy girl Esmeralda
when he and Frollo attempt to kidnap her one night.
Captain Phoebus de Chateaupers
arrives to stop the kidnapping and captures
Quasimodo. He later falls in love when she gives him water as he is being
punished at the pillory.
Esmeralda is later entangled in an attempted murder and sentenced to hang for
both the attempted murder and witchcraft. As she is being forced to pray at the
steps
of Notre Dame just before being marched off to the gallows, Quasimodo
slides down with a rope, and rescues her by taking her up to the top of the
cathedral, where he poignantly shouts "Sanctuary!" to the onlookers below.
However, Quasimodo is never loved by Esmeralda (the main theme of the book
being the cruelty of social injustice); although she recognizes his kindness
toward her, she is nonetheless repulsed by his ugliness and terrified of him,
however unfairly. (In the 1982
television film
The Hunchback of Notre Dame
, she kisses him goodbye at the end;
something that does not occur in either the book, nor any other film version of
the novel.) He continues to watch over her and protect her regardless, and one
point saves her from Frollo (and stops short of killing him) when the mad priest
assaults her in her room.
After an uneasy respite, a mob storms Notre Dame, and although Quasimodo
tries to fend them off the mob continues attacking until Phoebus and his
soldiers arrive to fight and drive off the assailants. Unbeknownst to Quasimodo,
Esmeralda is lured outside by Frollo and subsequently seized and hanged. In
despair, Quasimodo murders his former benefactor, Frollo, when he realizes that
he has sealed Esmeralda's doom in hopes of quelling his lust for her. He leaves
Notre Dame, never to return, and later goes to Mountfaucon (a huge graveyard in
Paris where all hanged bodies are thrown) where the bodies of the condemned are
dumped, and dies clutching Esmeralda's body. Years later, an excavation group
finds both their skeletons intertwined. When they try to separate them,
Quasimodo's bones crumble into dust.
Quasimodo's name can be considered a
pun
. Frollo finds him
on the cathedral's doorsteps on Quasimodo Sunday and names him after the
holiday. However, the Latin words "quasi" and "modo" also mean "almost" and "the
standard measure" respectively. As such, Quasimodo is "almost the standard
measure" of a human person.
In the novel, he symbolically shows Esmeralda the difference between himself
and the shallow, superficial, self-centered, yet handsome
Captain Phoebus
with whom the girl is infatuated. He places two vases in her
room: one is a beautiful crystal vase, yet broken and filled with dry, withered
flowers; the other a humble pot, yet filled with beautiful, fragrant flowers.
Esmeralda takes the withered flowers from the crystal vase and presses them
passionately on her heart.
[ 2 ]
A small sculpture of Quasimodo can be found on Notre Dame, on the exterior of
the north transept along the Rue du Cloître-Notre-Dame.
[ edit ]
In the Disney film
Quasimodo is the main
protagonist of Disney
's 1996 animated version of the story,
The Hunchback of Notre Dame
, where he is a very different character than
in the novel. He is not one-eyed although a large lump over one eye may hinder
his vision. Also, he is not deaf either, he is capable of fluent speech, and
longs to live in the world outside the belltower. He has three gargoyle friends
named Victor, Hugo, and Laverne. He comes from a family of gypsies, like in the
novel, but in a dramatic change, his mother does not abandon him, but she is
rather killed by Judge Claude Frollo
, who leaves Quasimodo alive in the belltower when the
Archdeacon of Notre Dame condemns him for chasing Quasimodo's mother to her
death on the steps of Notre Dame, warning of the consequences if he kills the
infant under the "eyes of Notre Dame". Quasimodo in this version is
kind-hearted, not frightening, and is, at first, loyal to his so-called
"master", Frollo, but becomes rebellious after the encouragement from the
gargoyles. Soon, he discovers from
Esmeralda
that the world is not as dark and cruel a place as Frollo makes it
out to be. Quasimodo soon realizes that Frollo is evil, and ceases to consider
him a fatherly figure, like in the novel. In a corresponding change, when Frollo
falls to his doom at the film's climax, Quasimodo does not show any sorrow,
having previously almost killed him personally. In a drastically different
ending, Quasimodo remains alive at the end of the film, as he falls off of Notre
Dame, Phoebus catches him and pulls him to safety. He is finally accepted into
society. Quasimodo was voiced by
Tom Hulce and animated by James Baxter .
He reappears in Disney's sequel film
The Hunchback of Notre Dame II
(2002) once again as the main
protagonist, where he is described as independent and finds a love interest, a
circus girl named Madellaine
. He also made some occasional appearances on the
Disney Channel series, House of Mouse
. At one point,
Jiminy Cricket
, when giving advice to the guests, consoled him by saying
that some people find someone special and some people do not, poking fun at the
fact that Quasimodo and Esmeralda did not fall in love at the end of the
original film. Quasimodo is also a very rare
meetable character at
Walt Disney World Resort
.
In the Disney version, Quasimodo displays an immense amount of physical
strength (most likely due to twenty years of pulling the ropes on heavy bells at
an almost constant rate), being able to easily lift a full grown man with one
hand, throw a stone with enough weight to destroy a chariot of metal, and break
free of heavy chains with extreme effort.
A German musical stage show, "
Der
Glöckner von Notre Dame
" (1999) derived from the Disney movie, restores some
of the many of the darker elements of the story lost in the film; Esmeralda dies
at the end, Frollo is revealed to have once been a priest in his past (akin to
the novel, where he was an archdeacon) and Frollo dies because Quasimodo throws
him from the roof, rather than falling by accident.
Quasimodo makes his debut appearance in the
Kingdom Hearts series in
Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance
in a world based on the movie,
called Le Cité des Cloches. He was the first new Disney character confirmed for
the game. Tom Hulce
will return to reprise his role in the game, despite his retirement on
film acting. [ edit ] Real-life Quasimodo In August 2010 Adrian Glew , a Tate
archivist, announced evidence for a real-life Quasimodo, a "humpbacked [stone]
carver" who worked at Notre Dame during the 1820s.
[ 1 ]
The evidence is contained in the memoirs of
Henry Sibson
, a 19th-century British sculptor who worked at Notre Dame at
around the same time Hugo wrote the novel.
[ 1 ]
Sibson describes a humpbacked stonemason working there, "he was the carver under
the Government sculptor whose name I forget as I had no intercourse with him,
all that I know is that he was humpbacked and he did not like to mix with
carvers." [ 1 ]
Because Victor Hugo had close links with the restoration of the cathedral it is
likely he was aware of the unnamed "humpbacked carver" nicknamed "Le Bossu", who
oversaw "Monsieur Trajin". [ 1 ]
Adrian Glew also uncovered that both the hunchback and Hugo were living in the
same town of Saint Germain-des-Pres
in 1833, and in early drafts of
Les Misérables
, Hugo named the main character "Jean Trajin" (the same name
as the unnamed hunchback carver's employee), but later changed it to "
Jean Valjean ". [ 1 ] Adaptations
Many film adaptations of
The Hunchback of Notre Dame
have been made, which take various degrees
of liberty with the novel. Among the actors who have played him over the years
are: Actor Version Henry Vorins 1905 Adaptation
Quasimodo was a cat
Henry Krauss 1911 Adaptation Glen White 1917 Adaptation Booth Conway 1922 Adaptation Lon Chaney, Sr. 1923 Adaptation Charles Laughton 1939 Adaptation Anthony Quinn 1956 Adaptation Peter Woodthorpe (voice) 1966 Adaptation Warren Clarke 1977 Adaptation Anthony Hopkins 1982 Adaptation Tom Burlinson (voice) 1986 Adaptation Tom Hulce (voice) 1996 Disney Adaptation and its direct-to-video sequel Mandy Patinkin
The Hunchback (1997 film)
Garou 1997-2002, musical Patrick Timsit 1999 Parody [ edit ] References and notes ^ a b c d e f
"Real-life Quasimodo uncovered in Tate archives"
, Roya Nikkhah, The Daily Telegraph
, 15 Aug 2010
^
Chapter 46 The Hunchback of Notre Dame
[ hide ] v t e
The Hunchback of Notre-Dame
by Victor Hugo Characters Quasimodo Esmeralda Claude Frollo Captain Phoebus Clopin Trouillefou Pierre Gringoire Films Esmeralda (1905)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame
(1911)
The Darling of Paris
(1917) Esmeralda (1922)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame
(1923)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame
(1939)
Notre Dame de Paris
(1956)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame
(1966)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame
(1977)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame
(1982)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame
(1986)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame
(1996) The Hunchback (1997)
Quasimodo d'El Paris (1999)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame II
(2002) Other adaptations La Esmeralda (1836 opera) La Esmeralda (1844 ballet) Notre-Dame de Paris (1998 musical)
Der Glöckner von Notre Dame
(1999 musical) Disney songs Music soundtrack " The
Bells of Notre Dame
" " Hellfire " NOTRE DAME The
University of Notre Dame du Lac
(or simply Notre Dame / ˌ n oʊ t ər ˈ d eɪ m / NOH -tər- DAYM ) is a Catholic research university located in Notre Dame , an unincorporated community
north of the city of
South Bend , in St. Joseph County
, Indiana, United States. The name of the university,
"Notre Dame", is French meaning "Our Lady", a Catholic salutation in reference
to the Blessed Virgin Mary , the patron saint of the university.
It was founded by Father
Edward Sorin , CSC
, who was also the school's first president. It was established as an
all-male institution on November 26, 1842, on land donated by the Bishop of
Vincennes
. The university first enrolled women undergraduates in 1972.
Today, about 47 percent of the student body is female.
[ 5 ]
Notre Dame's Catholic character is evident in the many Holy Cross priests
serving the school (most notably the president of the university), its explicit
commitment to the Christian faith, numerous ministries funded by the school, as
well as in architecture around campus, especially the Main Building's gold dome
topped by a golden statue of St. Mary, a famous replica of the
Lourdes grotto
, the 134-foot-tall (41 m) mosaic of Christ on the side of the
Hesburgh Library (entitled "The Word of Life," but affectionately called
'Touchdown Jesus' because of his upraised arms and proximity to the stadium),
and the ornate
Basilica of the Sacred Heart
, along with numerous chapels, statuary and
religious iconography.
The university today is organized into five colleges and one professional
school, the oldest of which, the College of Arts and Letters, began awarding
degrees in 1849. The
undergraduate
program was ranked 19th among national universities by
U.S. News & World Report
for 2010–2011. [ 6 ]
Notre Dame has a comprehensive graduate program with 32 master's and 25 doctoral
degree programs . [ 7 ] [ 8 ]
Additionally, the university's library system is one of the 100 largest in the
United States.
More than 80% of the university's 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one
of 29 single-sex residence halls, each of which fields teams for more than a
dozen intramural sports
. Notre Dame's approximately 120,000 alumni are located
around the world. [ 9 ]
Outside academia, Notre Dame is best known for its sports programs,
especially its football team
. The teams are members of the
NCAA Division I
, and are known collectively as the
Fighting Irish
, a name it adopted in the 1920s. The football team, an
Independent
, has accumulated eleven consensus national championships, seven
Heisman Trophy
winners, and sixty-two members in the
College Football Hall of Fame
. Other ND teams, chiefly in the
Big East Conference
, have accumulated 16 national championships.
Foundations
In 1842 the Bishop of Vincennes, Right Rev. Célestine Guynemer de la
Hailandière, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of Holy
Cross, on the condition that he build
a college in two years. [ 10 ]
Sorin traveled to the site with eight Holy Cross brothers and began the school
using Badin's old log chapel. They immediately acquired two students and set
about building additions to the campus.
Notre Dame began as a primary and secondary school, but soon received its
official college charter from the Indiana General Assembly on January 15, 1844.
[ 11 ]
Under the charter the school is officially named the University of Notre Dame du
Lac, which means University of Our Lady of the Lake.
[ 12 ]
Although the university was originally only for male students, the female-only
Saint Mary's College was founded by the Sisters of the Holy Cross near Notre
Dame in 1844. [ 13 ] [ edit ] Early History
More students attended the college and the first degrees were awarded in
1849. [ 14 ]
Additionally, the university was expanded with new buildings allowing more
students and faculty to live, study, and eat at the university.
[ 15 ]
With each new president, new academic programs were offered and new buildings
were built to accommodate these programs. The original Main Building built by
Fr. Sorin just after he arrived was replaced by a larger "Main Building" in
1865, which housed the university's administration, classrooms, and dormitories.
Beginning in 1873, a library collection was started by Father Lemonnier. By 1879
it had grown to ten thousand volumes that were housed in the Main Building.
This Main Building, and the library collection, was destroyed by a fire in
April 1879; however, it was rebuilt before the next school year.
[ 16 ] The
library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new Main Building
for years afterwards. [ 17 ]
Around the time of the fire, a Music Hall was opened. Eventually becoming known
as Washington Hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school.
[ 18 ]
By 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a Science
Hall was built in 1883. The hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs
needed for early research at the university.
[ 19 ]
By 1890, individual residence halls were built to house the increasing number of
students. [ 20 ]
William J. Hoynes (1846–1919) was dean of the law school 1883-1919, and when
its new building was opened shortly after his death it was renamed in his honor.
[ 21 ]
Father John Zahm (1851–1921) became the Holy Cross Provincial for the United
States (1896–1906), with overall supervision of the university, He tried to
transform Notre Dame into a great university, erecting buildings and added to
the campus art gallery and library, and amassing what became a famous Dante
collection. His term was not renewed because of fears he had expanded Notre Dame
too quickly and had run the Holy Cross order into serious debt.
[ 22 ] [ edit ] Hesburgh Era: 1952-1987
Rev. Theodore Hesburgh, C.S.C., (born 1917) served as president for 35 years
(1952–87) of dramatic transformations. In that time the annual operating budget
rose by a factor of 18 from $9.7 million to $176.6 million, and the endowment by
a factor of 40 from $9 million to $350 million, and research funding by a factor
of 20 from $735,000 to $15 million. Enrollment nearly doubled from 4,979 to
9,600, faculty more than doubled 389 to 950, and degrees awarded annually
doubled from 1,212 to 2,500.
[ 23 ]
Hesburgh is also credited with transforming the face of Notre Dame by making
it a coeducational institution. In the mid-1960s Notre Dame and Saint Mary's
College developed a co-exchange program whereby several hundred students took
classes not offered at their home institution, an arrangement that added
undergraduate women to a campus that already had a few women in the graduate
schools. Nearly a third of accepted Notre Dame students chose not to enroll
because of its single-sex status,[citation needed] and a 1968 poll indicated
that nearly three-fourths of all Notre Dame students considered transferring to
a coeducational school. After extensive debate, merging with St. Mary's was
rejected, primarily because of the differential in faculty qualifications and
pay scales. "In American college education," explained Rev. Charles E. Sheedy,
C.S.C., Notre Dame's Dean of Arts and Letters, "certain features formerly
considered advantageous and enviable are now seen as anachronistic and out of
place.... In this environment of diversity, the integration of the sexes is a
normal and expected aspect, replacing separatism." Reverend Thomas Blantz,
C.S.C., Notre Dame's Vice President of Student Affairs, added that coeducation
"opened up a whole other pool of very bright students."[
[ 24 ] Two
of the male residence halls were converted for the newly admitted female
students that first year,
[ 25 ] [ 26 ] while
two others were converted for the next school year.
[ 27 ] [ 28 ]
The first female student, a transfer from St. Mary's College, graduated in 1972
with a bachelor's degree in marketing.
[ 29 ] [ edit ] Malloy Era: 1987-2005
In 18 years under President Edward Malloy, CSC, (1987–2005), there was a
rapid growth in the school's reputation, faculty, and resources. He increased
the faculty by more than 500 professors; the academic quality of the student
body has improved dramatically, the average SAT score rose from 1240 to 1360;
the number of minority students more than doubled; the endowment grew from $350
million to more than $3 billion; the annual operating budget rose from $177
million to more than $650 million; and annual research funding improved from $15
million to more than $70 million. Notre Dame’s most recent capital campaign
raised $1.1 billion, far exceeding its goal of $767 million, and is the largest
in the history of Catholic higher education.
[ 30 ] [ edit ] Jenkins Era: 2005-present
Currently Notre Dame is led by Rev. John I. Jenkins, CSC, the 17th president
of the university. [ 31 ]
Jenkins took over the position from Rev. Edward "Monk" Malloy, CSC, on July 1,
2005. [ 32 ] In
his inaugural address, Jenkins described his goals of making the university a
leader in research that recognizes ethics and building the connection between
faith and studies. [ 33 ] [ edit ] Ca tholic Character
THE GOLDEN DOME OF NOTRE DAME UNIIVERSITY
The University was founded by a group of Catholic missionary priests and
brothers from France, members of the Congregation of Holy Cross (in Latin,
Congregatio a Sancta Cruce; more commonly referred to as "CSC," which is also
the initials placed after all members' names). The land where they founded the
school was donated to them by the Bishop of Vincennes, Indiana. A large part of
their early mission was caring for and evangelizing the local Potawatomi tribes.
Upon arrival on the lakeshore in the cold of winter, they dedicated their new
school and all their endeavors to the Blessed Virgin Mary under the name Notre
Dame du Lac, which is French for Our Lady of the Lake.
This Catholic mission of the Congregation, its schools at the site, and their
successors has shaped the campus and the university in innumerable ways, both
large and small.
While religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission, approximately
80% of undergraduates enrolled self-identify as Catholic. There are many
Catholic clubs, organizations, and ministries on campus. There is a large campus
ministry program and many volunteer opportunities. There is no compulsory
participation in any religious liturgies. Students and clubs of other religions
and Christian denominations are welcomed and supported.
Nearly every residence hall has a priest in residence. Every residence hall
(and many academic buildings) contains a chapel, where Sunday and daily masses
are celebrated during the school year. One dorm is named after a saint (Saint
Edward). Sunday and daily masses as well as daily confessions are held in the
Basilica of the Sacred Heart in the center of campus.
Architecturally, the school has always celebrated its Catholic mission. Atop
the Main Building's gold dome is a golden statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Immediately in front of the Main Building and facing it, is a copper statue of
Christ with arms upraised with the legend "Venite Ad Me Omnes," which is Latin
for "Come to me, all you" (Matthew 11:28a). Next to the Main Building sits the
magnificent Basilica of the Sacred Heart. Immediately behind the basilica sits
the famous, yet intimate Grotto – a Marian place of prayer and reflection. It is
a replica of the grotto at
Lourdes ,
France where Mary appeared to St. Bernadette in 1858. At the end of the main
drive (and in a direct line that connects through 3 statues and the Gold Dome),
is a simple, modern stone statue of Mary. Behind her approximately 1,000 feet
(300 m) is a statue of the founder of the school, Rev.
Edward Sorin .
BASILICA OF THE SACRED HEART
The 14-story Hesburgh Library sports a 134-foot-tall (41 m) stone mosaic on
its southern face of Christ surrounded by the Apostles and notable scholarly
saints and doctors of the Church. This mosaic is entitled "The Word of Life,"
but is affectionately referred to as 'Touchdown Jesus' because of Christ's
upraised arms and the ability to see the mosaic from the stadium through the
uprights of the northern endzone. Next to the library is
Ivan Meštrović
's large bronze statue of Moses with finger upraised
(affectionately known as 'Firstdown Moses').
The university is the major seat of the Congregation of Holy Cross (albeit
not its official headquarters, which are in Rome). Its main seminary, Moreau
Seminary, is located on the campus across St. Joseph lake from the Main
Building. Old College
, the oldest building on campus and located near the shore of St.
Mary lake, houses undergraduate seminarians. Retired Priests and Brothers reside
in Fatima House (a former retreat center), Holy Cross House, as well as Columba
Hall near the Grotto. Until the 1970s, many of the support staff were nuns and
brothers.
The university supports many Church-related organizations and ministries.
The university has a highly regarded theology program, both undergraduate and
graduate, with many world-renowned scholars such as Lawrence Cunningham, John
Cavadini, Gary Anderson, and many others.
University by-laws require that the President of the University be a priest
of the United States Province of the Congregation of Holy Cross. Until 1967,
when governance was transferred to a lay board of trustees, the university was
entirely governed by the leadership of the order.
Although the faculty was well over 85% Catholic before 1970, search practices
have broadened. In recent years about half the new faculty hires have been
Catholics, and Catholics now comprise 52% of the faculty.
[ 34 ]
However, in a policy statement the University declares that "the Catholic
identity of the University depends upon ... the continuing presence of a
predominant number of Catholic intellectuals" on the faculty. As the provost has
explained, the aim is "to have a majority of faculty who are Catholic, who
understand the nature of the religion, who can be living role models, who can
talk with students about issues outside the classroom and can infuse values into
what they do." [ 35 ]
In 2009, the University received criticism from many Catholic bishops due to
its conferral of an honorary degree on President
Barack Obama
, whose support of
abortion rights and embryonic stem cell
research conflicts with Church teachings on the
sanctity of life . [ 36 ] [ 37 ] [ edit ] Go
Since 1967, Notre Dame has been governed by a Board of Trustees, and not
directly by the leadership of Holy Cross. The university is governed by two
groups, the Board of Fellows and the
Board of Trustees . [ 38 ]
The Fellows of the University are a group of six Holy Cross religious and six
lay members who have final say over the operation of the university. The fellows
vote on potential Trustees and sign off on all major decisions by that body. The
trustees select the president from the United States Province of the
Congregation of Holy Cross. In addition to the president, these groups help to
maintain the bylaws
and elect other officers of the university.
[ 39 ] Finally, the provost
of the university, currently Dr. Thomas Burish, works under the
president to oversee many of the academic activities and functions of the
university. [ 40 ] [ edit ] Campus
Notre Dame's campus is located in
Notre Dame, Indiana , an unincorporated community in north Indiana , just north of South Bend
and four miles (6 km) from the
Michigan state line. [ 41 ]
Development of the campus began in the spring of 1843 when Father Sorin and some
of his congregation built the "Old College," a building used for
dormitories ,
a bakery, and a classroom.
A year later, after an architect arrived, a small "Main Building" was built
allowing for the launch of the college.
[ 42 ]
Today the campus lies on 1,250 acres (5.1 km
2
) just south of the
Indiana Toll Road
and includes 138 buildings located on quads throughout the
campus. [ 43 ]
NOTRE DAME GOD QUAD
Sustainability
The University of Notre Dame has made being a sustainability leader an
integral part of their mission, creating the Office of Sustainability in 2008 to
achieve a number of goals in the areas of power generation, design and
construction, waste reduction, procurement, food services, transportation, and
water. [ 46 ]
Currently, four building construction projects are pursuing LEED Certified
status and three are pursuing LEED Silver.
[ 47 ]
Notre Dame’s dining services sources 40% of its food locally and offers
sustainably-caught seafood as well as many organic, fair-trade, and vegan
options. [ 48 ]
On the Sustainable Endowments Institute’s College Sustainability Report Card
2010, University of Notre Dame received a "B" grade.
[ 49 ] [ edit ] New buildings
The university continues to expand and add new buildings each year. Since
2004, many buildings have been built —- the most prominent being the DeBartolo
Performing Arts Center, [ 50 ] the Guglielmino Complex, [ 51 ]
and the Jordan Hall of Science.
[ 52 ]
Additionally, a new male residence hall, Duncan Hall, began construction on
March 8, 2007, [ 53 ]
and began accepting residents for the Fall 2008 semester. Ryan Hall has recently
finished construction and began housing undergraduate women in the fall of 2009.
A new engineering building, Stinson-Remick Hall, a new combination Center for
Social Concerns/Institute for Church Life building, Geddes Hall, and a law
school addition have recently been completed.
[ 54 ]
Additionally the new hockey arena opened in the fall of 2011.
[ edit ] LaFortune Student Center
The LaFortune Student Center, commonly known as "LaFortune" or "LaFun," is a
4-story building of 83,000 square feet
[ 55 ]
that provides the Notre Dame community with a meeting place for social,
recreational, cultural, and educational activities. The building was constructed
in 1883 as a science building but was converted to a student center during the
1950s. [ 56 ]
LaFortune employs 35 part-time student staff, 29 full-time non-student staff,
and has an annual budget of $1.2 million. [ 55 ]
Many businesses, services, and Divisions of Student affairs
[ 56 ]
are found within. The building also houses national food chains such as
Starbucks , Sbarro , and Burger King , with their Subway
franchise ranking No. 1 in Indiana in sales nationwide.
[ 57 ]
The building is named for Joseph LaFortune, an oil executive from
Tulsa, Oklahoma
. Joseph LaFortune was the father of Tulsa former mayor
Robert J. LaFortune
and the grandfather of former Tulsa mayor
Bill LaFortune . [ edit ]
Legends of Notre Dame
Main article:
Legends of Notre Dame
Legends of Notre Dame (commonly referred to as Legends) is a
music venue , public house
, and restaurant located on the campus of the University of Notre Dame,
just 100 yards south of
Notre Dame Stadium
. The former Alumni Senior Club
[ 58 ]
opened its doors the first weekend in September 2003
[ 59 ]
after a $3.5 million renovation and transformed into the all-ages student
hang-out that currently exists. Legends is made up of two parts: The Restaurant
and Alehouse and the nightclub.
[ edit ] London Centre
The university has had a presence in London since 1968. Since 1998, its
London Centre has been based in the former
United University Club
at 1, Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square. The Center
enables the Colleges of Arts & Letters, Business Administration, Science,
Engineering and the Law School to develop their own programs in London, as well
as hosting conferences and symposia.
[ 60 ] [ edit ] Academics
As of fall 2006, Notre Dame has a student body population of 11,603 total
students and employs 1241 full-time faculty members and another 166 part-time
members to give a student/faculty ratio of 13:1.
[ 1 ] Named by Newsweek
as one of the "25 New
Ivies ," [ 61 ]
it is also an
Oak Ridge Associated University
. [ 62 ] [ edit ] Colleges The
College of Arts and Letters
was established as the university's first
college in 1842 with the first degrees given in 1849.
[ 63 ]
The university's first academic curriculum was modeled after the
Jesuit Ratio Studiorum from Saint Louis University . [ 64 ]
Today the college, housed in O'Shaughnessy Hall,
[ 65 ]
includes 20 departments in the areas of fine arts, humanities, and social
sciences, and awards Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degrees in 33 majors, making it the
largest of the university's colleges. There are around 2,500 undergraduates and
750 graduates enrolled in the college.
[ 66 ]
The College of Science was established at the university in 1865 by
then-president Father Patrick Dillon. Dillon's scientific courses were six years
of work, including higher-level mathematics courses.
[ 67 ]
Today the college, housed in the newly-built Jordan Hall of Science,
[ 68 ]
includes over 1,200 undergraduates in six departments of study – biology,
chemistry, mathematics, physics, pre-professional studies, and applied and
computational mathematics and statistics (ACMS) – each awarding Bachelor of
Science (B.S.) degrees. [ 69 ]
According to university statistics, its science pre-professional program has one
of the highest acceptance rates to medical school of any university in the
United States. [ 7 0 ] The School of Architecture
was established in 1899,
[ 71 ]
although degrees in architecture were first awarded by the university in 1898.
[ 72 ]
Today the school, housed in Bond Hall,
[ 73 ]
offers a five-year undergraduate program leading to the Bachelor of Architecture
degree. One year of study is completed in Rome by all students enrolled in the
school. [ 74 ]
The College of Engineering was established in 1920,
[ 75 ]
however, early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the
College of Science since the 1870s.
[ 76 ]
Today the college, housed in the Fitzpatrick, Cushing, and Stinson-Remick Halls
of Engineering, [ 77 ]
includes five departments of study – aerospace and mechanical engineering,
chemical and biomolecular engineering, civil engineering and geological
sciences, computer science and engineering, and electrical engineering – with
eight B.S. degrees offered. Additionally, the college offers five-year dual
degree programs with the Colleges of Arts and Letters and of Business awarding
additional B.A. and
Master of Business Administration
(MBA) degrees, respectively. [ 7 8 ] The
Mendoza College of Business
was established by Father
John Francis O'Hara
in 1921, although a foreign commerce program was
launched in 1917. [ 79 ]
Today the college offers degrees in accountancy, finance, management, and
marketing and enrolls over 1,600 students.
[ 80 ]
In the 2010 Bloomberg/Businessweek Undergraduate Business School Rankings, The
Mendoza College of Business was ranked as the top overall school.
All of Notre Dame's undergraduate students are a part of one of the five
undergraduate colleges at the school or are in the First Year of Studies
program. The First Year of Studies program was established in 1962 to guide
incoming freshmen
in their first year at the school before they have declared a
major. Each student is given an academic advisor from the program who helps them
to choose classes that give them exposure to any major in which they are
interested. [ 81 ]
The program also includes a Learning Resource Center which provides time
management, collaborative learning, and subject tutoring.
[ 82 ]
This program has been recognized previously, by
U.S. News & World Report
, as outstanding. [ 83 ] [ edit ] Graduate and professional schools
The university first offered graduate degrees, in the form of a
Master of Arts
(MA), in the 1854–1855 academic year. The program expanded to
include Master of Laws
(LL.M.) and Master of Civil Engineering in its early stages
of growth, before a formal graduate school education was developed with a
thesis
not required to receive the degrees. This changed in 1924 with formal
requirements developed for graduate degrees, including offering Doctorate (PhD)
degrees. [ 84 ]
UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME LAW LIBRARY
&nb>
The library system of the university is divided between the main library and
each of the colleges and schools. The main building is the fourteen-story
Theodore M. Hesburgh Library, completed in 1963, which is the third building to
house the main collection of books.
[ 92 ]
The front of the library is adorned with the Word of Life
mural designed by artist Millard Sheets
. This mural is popularly known as "
Touchdown Jesus
" because of its proximity to
Notre Dame Stadium
and Jesus' arms appearing to make the signal for a
touchdown . [ 93 ] [ 94 ]
Another piece of artwork associated with the Library is the statue of Moses by
Joseph Turkalj. This statue, popularly known as "First Down Moses" because of
the manner in which his right arm is outstretched with his right index finger in
the air, is at a side entrance to the building. The library system also includes
branch libraries for Architecture, Chemistry & Physics, Engineering, Law, the
Life Sciences, and Mathematics as well as information centers in the Mendoza
College of Business, the
Kellogg Institute for International Studies
, the Joan B. Kroc Institute for
International Peace Studies, and a slide library in O'Shaughnessy Hall.
[ 95 ]
The library system holds over three million volumes, was the single largest
university library in the world upon its completion,
[ 96 ]
and remains one of the 100 largest libraries in the country.
[ 97 ] [ edit ] Rankings See also:
College and university rankings
University rankings (overall) National ARWU [ 98 ] 100–136 Forbes [ 99 ] 18
U.S. News & World Report
[ 100 ] 19 Washington Monthly [ 101 ] 16 Global ARWU [ 102 ] 201–302 Times [ 103 ] 89
In 2010–2011, Notre Dame ranked 19th overall among "national universities" in
the United States in
U.S. News & World Report
' s Best Colleges 2011 . [ 104 ] Forbes.com 's America's Best Colleges
ranks Notre Dame 18th among
colleges in the United States for 2012.
[ 105 ]
U.S. News & World Report
also lists Notre Dame Law School as 22nd
overall. [ 89 ] BusinessWeek
ranks Mendoza College of Business undergraduate school as
1st overall. [ 106 ]
It ranks the MBA program as 20th overall. Additionally,
The Washington Monthly
ranked the university 13th nationally in its 2006 edition.
[ 107 ] The Philosophical Gourmet Report
ranks Notre Dame's graduate philosophy program
as 15th nationally, [ 108 ] while ARCHITECT
Magazine ranked the undergraduate architecture program as
12th nationally. [ 109 ] Additionally, the study abroad
program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the
nation, with 57.6% of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries.
[ 110 ]
According to payscale.com, undergraduate alumni of University of Notre Dame have
a mid-career median salary $121,000, making it the 8th highest among colleges
and universities in the United States. The median starting salary of $55,300
ranked 41st in the same peer group.
[ 111 ] [ edit ] Research [ edit ] Zahm
Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C. was Director of the Science Museum and the
Library and Professor of Chemistry and Physics until 1874. Carrier taught that
scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the
ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the Church. One of
Carrier's students was Father
John Zahm
(1851–1921) who was made Professor and Co-Director of the Science
Department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and
naturalist. Zahm was active in the Catholic Summer School movement, which
introduced Catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues. His book
Evolution and Dogma
(1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory
as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great Church teachers Thomas
Aquinas and Augustine taught something like it. The intervention of Irish
American Catholics in Rome prevented Zahm's censure by the Vatican. In 1913,
Zahm and former President
Theodore Roosevelt
embarked on a major expedition through the Amazon.
[ 112 ] [ edit ] Other science In 1882, Albert Zahm
(John Zahm's brother) built an early
wind tunnel
used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. Around 1899,
Professor Jerome Green became the first American to send a wireless message. In
1931, Father Julius Nieuwland
performed early work on basic reactions that was used to
create neoprene . [ 113 ] Study of nuclear physics
at the university began with the building of a
nuclear accelerator in 1936, [ 114 ]
and continues now partly through a partnership in the
Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics
. [ edit ] Lobund Institute
The Lobund Institute grew out of pioneering research in germ-free-life which
began in 1928. This area of research originated in a question posed by Pasteur
as to whether animal life was possible without bacteria. Though others had taken
up this idea, their research was short lived and inconclusive. Lobund was the
first research organization to answer definitively, that such life is possible
and that it can be prolonged through generations. But the objective was not
merely to answer Pasteur's question but also to produce the germ free animal as
a new tool for biological and medical research. This objective was reached and
for years Lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free
animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations. Today the
work has spread to other universities. In the beginning it was under the
Department of Biology and a program leading to the master's degree accompanied
the research program. In the 1940s Lobund achieved independent status as a
purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an
Institute. In 1958 it was brought back into the Department of Biology as
integral part of that department, but with its own program leading to the degree
of PhD in Gnotobiotics.
[ 115 ] English
Richard Sullivan taught English from 1936 to 1974 and published six novels,
dozens of short stories, and various other efforts. Though published by major
houses, he never became an important mainstream writer but was known as a
regional writer and a Catholic spokesman.
[ 116 ]
During his long tenure as an English professor during the 1930s–1960s, Frank
O'Malley emerged as the exemplary American Catholic intellectual. Influenced by
Jacques Maritain, John U. Nef, and others, O'Malley developed a concept of
Christian philosophy that was a fundamental element in his thought. Through his
course "Modern Catholic Writers" O'Malley introduced generations of
undergraduates to Gabriel Marcel, Graham Greene, Evelyn Waugh, Sigrid Undset,
Paul Clandel, and Gerard Manley Hopkins.
[ 117 ] [ edit ] European émigrés
The rise of Hitler and other dictators in the 1930s forced numerous Catholic
intellectuals to flee Europe; resident
John O’Hara
brought many to Notre Dame. From Germany came Anton-Hermann
Chroust (1907–1982) in classics and law,
[ 118 ]
and Waldemar Gurian a German Catholic intellectual of Jewish descent. Positivism
dominated American intellectual life in the 1920s onward but in marked contrast,
Gurian received a German Catholic education and wrote his doctoral dissertation
under Max Scheler. [ 119 ] Ivan Meštrović
(1883–1962), a renowned sculptor, brought Croatian culture to
campus, 1955–62. [ 120 ] Yves Simon
(1903–61), brought to ND in the 1940s the insights of French studies in the
Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition of philosophy; his own teacher
Jacques Maritain
(1882–73) was a frequent visitor to campus.
[ 121 ]
The exiles developed a distinctive emphasis on the evils of totalitarianism.
For example the political science courses of Gerhart Niemeyer (1907–97)
explained communist ideology and were particularly accessible to his students.
He came to ND in 1955, and was a frequent contributor to the
National Review
and other conservative magazines.
[ 122 ] [ edit ] Political science
The Review of Politics
was founded in 1939 by Gurian, modeled after
German Catholic journals. It quickly emerged as part of an international
Catholic intellectual revival, offering an alternative vision to positivist
philosophy. For 44 years, the
Review
was edited by Gurian, Matthew
Fitzsimons, Frederick Crosson, and Thomas Stritch. Intellectual leaders included
Gurian, Jacques Maritain, Frank O'Malley, Leo Richard Ward, F. A. Hermens, and
John U. Nef. It became a major forum for political ideas and modern political
concerns, especially from a Catholic and scholastic tradition.
[ 123 ] [ edit ] Research today
Today, research continues in many fields, as the current university
president, Father Jenkins, described his hope that Notre Dame would become "one
of the pre–eminent research institutions in the world" in his inaugural address.
[ 124 ]
The university has many multi-disciplinary institutes devoted to research in
varying fields, including the Medieval Institute, the
Kellogg Institute for International Studies
, the Kroc Institute for
International Peace studies
, and the Center for Social Concerns.
[ 125 ]
Recent research includes work on family conflict and child development,
[ 126 ] [ 127 ] genome mapping , [ 128 ] the increasing trade deficit
of the United States with China,
[ 129 ] studies in fluid mechanics , [ 130 ]
and marketing trends on the Internet.
[ 131 ] [ edit ] Endowment Notre Dame's financial endowment
was started in the early 1920s by then-president of the
university, Father James Burns, and increased to US$7 million by 1952 when
Father Hesburgh became president. By the 1980s it reached $150 million, and in
2000 it returned a record 57.9% investment.
[ 132 ] For the 2007 fiscal year
, the endowment had grown to approximately $6.5 billion, putting the
university in the top-15 largest endowments in the country.
[ 133 ]
As of October 2009, Notre Dame's endowment is valued at $5.5 billion.
[ 133 ] [ edit ] Students
The Notre Dame student body consists of 11,733 students, with 8,371
undergraduates and 3,362 graduate and professional students. [ 2 ]
Around 21–24% of students are children of
alumni , [ 134 ]
and although 37% of students come from the
Midwestern United States
, the student body represents all 50 states and 100
countries. [ 2 ] The Princeton Review
ranks the school as the fifth highest "dream
school" for parents to send their children.
[ 135 ]
The school has been previously criticized for its lack of diversity,
[ 136 ] and The Princeton Review
ranks the university highly among schools at
which "Alternative Lifestyles [are] Not an Alternative."
[ 137 ]
However, it has also been commended by some diversity oriented publications;
Hispanic Magazine
ranks the university ninth on its list of the top–25
colleges for Latinos , [ 138 ] and the
Journal of Blacks in Higher Education
recognizes the university
for raising enrollment of African-American students.
[ 139 ]
With 6,000 participants, the university's
intramural sports
program has been named by
Sports Illustrated
as the best program in the country,
[ 140 ] while The Princeton Review
named it as the top school where "Everyone
Plays Intramural Sports." [ 141 ]
The annual Bookstore Basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five
tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year,
[ 142 ]
while the Notre Dame Men's
Boxing Club hosts the annual Bengal Bouts
tournament that raises money for the Holy Cross Missions in
Bangladesh . [ 143 ]
The strictly measured federal graduation rate for athletes was 86% for
freshmen who entered between 2000 and 2002. This is one of the highest in the
country. [ 144 ] [ edit ] Residence halls Main article:
List of residence halls at the University of Notre Dame
out 80% of undergraduates and 20% of graduate students live on campus.
[ 2 ]
The majority of the graduate students on campus live in one of four graduate
housing complexes on campus, while all on-campus undergraduates live in one of
the 29 residence halls.
[ 145 ]
Because of the religious affiliation of the university, all residence halls are
single-sex, with 15 male dorms and 14 female dorms.
[ 146 ]
The university maintains a visiting policy (known as parietal hours) for those
students who live in dormitories, specifying times when members of the opposite
sex are allowed to visit other students' dorm rooms; however, all residence
halls have 24-hour social spaces for students regardless of gender. Many
residence halls have at least one nun and/or priest as a resident. There are no
traditional social fraternities or sororities
at the university, but a majority of students
live in the same residence hall for all four years. Some intramural sports are
based on residence hall teams, where the university offers the only non-
military academy
program of full-contact intramural American football.
[ 147 ]
At the end of the intramural season, the championship game is played on the
field in Notre Dame Stadium . [ edit ] Religious life
With the university affiliated with the
Congregation of Holy Cross
, its Catholic identity permeates student life.
More than 93% of students identify as Christian, with over 80% of them being
Catholic. [ 148 ]
The Basilica of the Sacred Heart is on campus and each residence hall has a
chapel. Collectively, Catholic Mass
is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus.
[ 147 ]
There are multitudes of religious statues and artwork around campus, most
prominent of which are the statue of Mary on the Main Building, the Notre Dame
Grotto, and the Word of Life mural on Hesburgh Library depicting Christ as a
teacher. Additionally, every classroom displays a
crucifix . [ 136 ]
There are many religious clubs at the school, including Council #1477 of the
Knights of Columbus (KOC),
Baptist Collegiate Ministry (BCM)
, Jewish Club, Muslim Student Association,
Orthodox Christian Fellowship, The Mormon Club, and many more. The Notre Dame
KofC are known for being the first collegiate council of KofC, operating a
charitable concession stand
during every home football game and owning their own
building on campus which can be used as a cigar lounge.
[ 149 ] [ edit ] Student-run media
As at most other universities, Notre Dame's students run a number of media
outlets. The nine student-run outlets include three newspapers, both a radio and
television station, and several magazines and journals. The newspapers have
varying publication interests, with
The Observer published daily and
mainly reporting university and other news.
[ 150 ] The Observer
is staffed by students from both Notre Dame and Saint Mary's
College, the women's college located nearby. Unlike
Scholastic and The Dome, The Observer
is an independent publication and does not have a
faculty advisor or any editorial oversight from the University. In 1987, when
some students believed that
The Observer
began to show a conservative
bias, a liberal newspaper,
Common Sense
was published. Likewise, in 2003,
when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias, the
conservative paper Irish Rover
went into production. Neither paper is
published as often as
The Observer
; however, all three are distributed to
all students. [ 151 ] The television station, NDtv
, grew from one show in 2002 to a full 24-hour channel with original
programming by September 2006.
[ 152 ] WSND-FM
serves the student body and larger South Bend community at 88.9 FM, offering
students a chance to become involved in bringing classical music, fine arts and
educational programming, and alternative rock to the airwaves. Another radio
station, WVFI, began as a partner of WSND-FM. More recently, however, WVFI has
been airing independently and is streamed on the Internet.
[ 153 ]
Begun as a one-page journal in September 1876,
[ 154 ] the Scholastic
magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest
continuous collegiate publication in the United States. The other magazine,
The Juggler
, is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and
artwork. [ 151 ] The Dome
yearbook is published annually. Finally, in Spring 2008 an
undergraduate journal for political science research,
Beyond Politics , made its debut. [ 155 ] [ edit ] Community development [ edit ] Eddy Street Commons
The first phase of Eddy Street Commons, a $215 million development located
adjacent to the University of Notre Dame campus and funded by the university,
broke ground on June 3, 2008.
[ 156 ] [ 157 ]
The Eddy Street Commons drew union protests when workers hired by the City of
South Bend to construct the public parking garage picketed the private work site
after a contractor hired non-union workers.
[ 158 ]
The developer, Kite Realty out of Indianapolis, has made agreements with major
national chains rather than local businesses, a move that has led to criticism
from alumni and students.
[ 159 ] [ 160 ] [ edit ] Alumni
Condoleezza Rice '75 MA
Main articles:
List of University of Notre Dame alumni
and
List of University of Notre Dame athletes
Notre Dame alumni number near 120,000,
[ 161 ]
and are members of 275 alumni clubs around the world.
[ 162 ]
Many alumni give yearly monetary support to the university, with a school-record
53.2% giving some donation in 2006.
[ 163 ]
Many buildings on campus are named for those whose donations allowed their
building, including residence halls,
[ 164 ] [ 165 ] classroom buildings, [ 166 ]
and the performing arts center.
[ 50 ]
Notre Dame alumni work in various fields. Alumni working in political fields
include state governors , [ 167 ] members of the United States Congress , [ 168 ] and former
United States Secretary of State
Condoleezza Rice . [ 169 ]
A notable alumnus of the College of Science is Nobel Prize winner
Eric F. Wieschaus . [ citation needed ]
A number of university heads are alumni, including
Notre Dame's current president, Rev. John Jenkins.
[ 170 ]
Additionally, many alumni are in the media, including talk show hosts
Regis Philbin [ 171 ] and Phil Donahue , [ 172 ]
and television and radio personalities such as
Mike Golic [ 173 ] and Hannah Storm . [ 174 ]
With the university having high profile sports teams itself, a number of alumni
went on to become involved in athletics outside the university, including
professional baseball, basketball, football, and ice hockey players, such as
Joe Theisman , Joe Montana , [ 175 ] Tim Brown , Rocket Ismail , Megan Duffy , [ 176 ] Jeff Samardzija , [ 177 ] Jerome Bettis , Brett Lebda Olympic gold medalist Mariel Zagunis
, former football coaches such as
Charlie Weis [ 178 ] and Knute Rockne , [ 179 ] and
Basketball Hall of Famers
Austin Carr and Adrian Dantley
. Other notable alumni include prominent businessman
Edward J. DeBartolo, Jr.
, and astronaut Jim Wetherbee . [ 180 ] [ 181 ] [ edit ] Athletics Main article:
Notre Dame Fighting Irish
Notre Dame's NCAA Division I
teams are known as the Fighting Irish. This name was used in
the early 1920s with respect to the football team and was popularized by alumnus
Francis Wallace in his
New York Daily News
columns. [ 182 ]
The official colors of Notre Dame are gold and blue
[ 183 ]
which are worn in competition by its athletic teams. In addition, the color
green is often worn because of the Fighting Irish nickname.
[ 184 ] The Notre Dame Leprechaun
is the mascot of the athletic teams. Created by
Theodore W. Drake
in 1964, the leprechaun was first used on the football
pocket schedule and later on the football program covers. The leprechaun was
featured on the cover of
Time
in November 1964 and gained national exposure.
[ 185 ]
The university offers 26
varsity
sports, 13 each for men and women.
[ 186 ]
22 of these teams compete in the
Big East Conference , [ 187 ] while football is Independent , [ 188 ] both fencing
teams are in the Midwest Fencing Conference,
[ 189 ] and the men's ice hockey team is in Hockey East . [ 190 ] The university marching band
plays at home games for most of the sports. The band, which
began in 1846 and has a claim as the oldest university band in continuous
existence in the United States, was honored by the National Music Council as a
"Landmark of American Music" during the
United States Bicentennial . [ 191 ]
The band regularly plays the school's
fight song the
Notre Dame Victory March
, which was named as the most played and most
famous fight song by
Northern Illinois Professor William Studwell . [ 192 ] According to
College Fight Songs: An Annotated Anthology
published in
1998, the “Notre Dame Victory March” ranks as the greatest fight song of all
time. [ 192 ]
According to some analysts, Notre Dame promotes
Muscular Christianity
through its athletic programs.
[ 193 ] [ 194 ] [ edit ] Football Main article:
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football
Notre Dame Stadium
The Notre Dame football team has a long history, first beginning when the
Michigan Wolverines football
team brought football to Notre Dame in 1887 and
played against a group of students.
[ 195 ]
In the long history since then, 13 Fighting Irish teams have won consensus
national championships
(although the university only claims 11),
[ 186 ]
along with another nine teams being named national champion by at least one
source. [ 196 ]
Additionally, the program has the most members in the
College Football Hall of Fame
, [ 197 ] [ 198 ] is tied with Ohio State University with the most Heisman Trophies won, [ 199 ]
and have the second highest
winning percentage in NCAA history. [ 200 ]
With the long history, Notre Dame has accumulated many
rivals
, and its annual game against
USC for the Jeweled Shillelagh
has been named by some as the second greatest
college football rivalry ever. [ 201 ] George Gipp
was the school’s legendary football player during 1916–20. He played
semiprofessional baseball and smoked, drank, and gambled when not playing
sports. He was also humble, generous to the needy, and a man of integrity.
[ 202 ]
It was in 1928 that famed coach
Knute Rockne
used his final conversation with the dying Gipp to inspire the Notre
Dame team to beat the undefeated
Army team
and "win one for the Gipper." The 1940 film,
Knute Rockne, All American
, starred Pat O'Brien
as Knute Rockne and
Ronald Reagan as Gipp.
Today the team competes in
Notre Dame Stadium
, an 80,795-seat stadium on campus.
[ 203 ]
The current head coach is
Brian Kelly
, hired from the
University of Cincinnati
on December 11, 2009.
[ 204 ]
Kelly's record in two seasons at Notre Dame is 16–10.
[ 205 ] He succeeded Charlie Weis
, who was fired in November 2009 after five seasons.
[ 206 ] [ 207 ]
Although Weis led his team to two
Bowl Championship Series bowl games , [ 208 ]
his overall record was 35–27,
[ 209 ]
mediocre by Notre Dame standards, and the
2007 team
had the most losses in school history.
[ 210 ]
The football team generates enough revenue to operate independently while $22.1
million is retained from the team's profits for academic use.
Forbes
named the team as the most valuable in college football, worth a total of $101
million in 2007. [ 211 ] [ edit ] Men's basketball Main article:
Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball
The men's basketball team has over 1,600 wins, one of only 12 schools who
have reached that mark, and have appeared in 28
NCAA tournaments . [ 212 ] Former player Austin Carr
holds the record for most points scored in a single game of the
tournament with 61. [ 213 ]
Although the team has never won the NCAA Tournament, they were named by the
Helms Athletic Foundation
as national champions twice.
[ 212 ]
The team has orchestrated a number of
upsets of number
one ranked teams, the most notable of which was ending
UCLA
's record 88-game winning streak in 1974.
[ 214 ]
The team has beaten an additional eight number-one teams, and those nine wins
rank second, to UCLA's 10, all-time in wins against the top team.
[ 212 ]
The team plays in newly renovated Purcell Pavilion, which opened for the
beginning of the 2009–2010 season,
[ 215 ]
The team is coached by
Mike Brey ,
who, as of the 2011–12 season, his twelfth, has achieved a 259–130 record.
[ 216 ]
Just in 2009 they were invited to the NIT, where they advanced to the semifinals
but were beaten by Penn State who went on and beat Baylor in the championship.
The 2010–11 team concluded its regular season ranked number seven in the
country, with a record of 25–5, Brey's fifth straight 20-win season, and a
second place finish in the Big East.
[ edit ] Other sports See also:
Notre Dame Fighting Irish women's basketball
,
Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's ice hockey
, and
Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's lacrosse
Notre Dame has been successful in other sports besides football, with an
additional 14 national championships in various sports. Three teams have won
multiple national championships with the fencing team leading them with seven,
[ 217 ]
followed by the men's tennis and women's soccer teams each with two.
[ 218 ] [ 219 ] The men's cross country , [ 219 ] men's golf, [ 219 ]
and women's basketball teams have each won one in their histories.
[ 220 ]
In the first ten years that Notre Dame competed in the Big East Conference
its teams won a total of 64 championships.
[ 221 ]
In 2006–07, Notre Dame's hockey team finished the regular season ranked #1.
[ citation needed ]
The women's swimming and diving team holds the Big
East record for consecutive conference championships in any sport with 14
straight conference titles (1997–2010).
"Notre
Dame Claims 14th Consecutive BIG EAST Title"
(Press release). University of
Notre Dame Sports Information
. http://www.und.com/sports/w-swim/recaps/022010aaa.html .
Retrieved May 17, 2010
. [ edit ] Music The
Band of the Fighting Irish
is the oldest university band in continuous
existence. [ 222 ]
It was formed in 1846. The all-male Glee Club was formed in 1915.
[ 223 ] [ edit ] Fight Song Main article:
Notre Dame Victory March
The "
Notre Dame Victory March
" is the fight song
for the University of Notre Dame. It was written by two brothers who were Notre
Dame graduates. The Rev. Michael J. Shea, a 1904 graduate, wrote the music, and
his brother, John F. Shea, who earned degrees in 1906 and 1908, wrote the
original lyrics. The lyrics were revised in the 1920s; it first appeared under
the copyright of the University of Notre Dame in 1928. The chorus is, "Cheer
cheer for old Notre Dame, wake up the echos cheering her name. Send a volley
cheer on high, shake down the thunder from the sky! What though the odds be
great or small, old Notre Dame will win over all. While her loyal sons are
marching, onward to victory!"
The chorus of the song is one of the most recognizable collegiate fight songs
in the United States, and was ranked first among fight songs by Northern
Illinois University Professor William Studwell, who remarked it was "more
borrowed, more famous and, frankly, you just hear it more."
[ 192 ] In the film
Knute Rockne, All American
, Knute Rockne (played by Pat O'Brien
) delivers the famous "Win one for the Gipper" speech, at which
point the background music swells with the
Notre Dame Victory March
. George Gipp was played by Ronald Reagan
, whose nickname "The Gipper" was derived from this role. The
song also was prominent in the movie
Rudy , with Sean Astin as Daniel "Rudy" Ruettiger
, who harbored dreams of playing football at the
University of Notre Dame despite significant obstacles.
[ edit ] Notre
Dame in Fiction and Popular Culture
Notre Dame is frequently referred to in
The West Wing as the alma mater of President Josiah Bartlet
. For example, in "
The Portland Trip " where Press Secretary C. J. Cregg
is punished by Bartlet for a joke at the expense of Notre Dame by
being obliged to take the trip, wear a
baseball cap
, and learn the
Notre Dame Victory March
to be sung to the
White House press corps as Air Force One
flies over South Bend.
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. ^ "Heisman Winners" . Heisman.com . http://www.heisman.com/winners/hsmn-winners.html .
Retrieved November 23, 2007
. [ dead link ] ^
"Notre Dame Media Guide:History and Records"
( PDF ).
University of Notre Dame
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Retrieved December 17, 2007
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Fiutak, Pete (November 17, 2006).
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. ESPN. October 30, 2005
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Retrieved December 1, 2009
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University of Notre Dame
^ http://gleeclub.nd.edu/index_about.htm [ edit ] Further reading Burns, Robert E.
Being Catholic, Being American: The Notre Dame
Story, 1934–1952, Vol. 2.
(2000). 632pp.
excerpt and text search
Corson, Dorothy V.
A Cave of Candles: The Spirit, History, Legends
and Lore of Notre Dame and Saint Mary's
(2006), 222pp. Hesburgh, Theodore M.
God, Country, Notre Dame: The Autobiography of
Theodore M. Hesburgh (2000)
McAvoy, Thomas T. "Notre Dame, 1919–1922: The Burns Revolution."
Review of Politics 1963 25(4): 431–450. in JSTOR McAvoy, Thomas T.
Father O'Hara of Notre Dame
(1967) Massa, Mark S.
Catholics and American Culture: Fulton Sheen, Dorothy
Day, and the Notre Dame Football Team.
(1999). 278 pp. O'Brien, Michael. Hesburgh: A Biography. (1998). 354 pp. O'Connell, Marvin R. Edward Sorin. (2001). 792 pp.
Rice, Charles E., Ralph McInerny, and Alfred J. Freddoso.
What
Happened to Notre Dame?
(2009) laments the weakening of Catholicism at
ND Robinson, Ray.
Rockne of Notre Dame: The Making of a Football Legend.
(1999). 290 pp. Sperber, Murray.
Shake Down the Thunder: The Creation of Notre Dame
Football. (1993) 634 pp.
Yaeger, Don and Looney, Douglas S.
Under the Tarnished Dome: How
Notre Dame Betrayed Its Ideals for Football Glory.
(1993). 299 pp. Walker, Jeff.
The Last Chalkline: The Life&Times of
Jack Chevigny (2012) [ edit ] External links
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