Article: 24,382,182 (2014 ACS; self reported)
7.6% of the U.S. population
Throughout entire United States, particularly New England, the Delaware Valley, the Mormon Corridor and the South
Maine and every Southern state except Louisiana
Georgia Christianity Predominately Protestantism Anglicanism Congregationalism
Other English diaspora, Americans, Welsh Americans, Scottish Americans, Scotch-Irish Americans, Cornish Americans, Irish Americans
English Americans, also referred to as Anglo-Americans, are Americans whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in England, a constituent country of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
In the 2014 American Community Survey, German Americans (14.4%), Irish Americans (10.4%), English Americans (7.6%) and Italian Americans (5.4%) were the four largest self-reported European ancestry groups in the United States forming 37.8% of the total population.
However, demographers regard this as a serious undercount, as the index of inconsistency is high, and many, if not most, people from English stock have a tendency (since the introduction of a new "American" category in the 2000 census) to identify as simply Americans or if of mixed European ancestry, identify with a more recent and differentiated ethnic group. In the 1980 United States Census, over 49 million (49,598,035) Americans claimed English ancestry, at the time around 26.34% of the total population and largest reported group which, even today, would make them the largest ethnic group in the United States. Eight out of the ten most common surnames in the United States are of English origin or having possible mixed British Isles heritage, the other two being of Spanish origin. Scotch-Irish Americans are for the most part descendants of Lowland Scots and Northern English (specifically: County Durham, Cumberland, Northumberland and Westmorland) settlers who colonized Ireland during the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century.
In 1982, an opinion poll showed respondents a card listing a number of ethnic groups and asked, "Thinking both of what they have contributed to this country and have gotten from this country, for each one tell me whether you think, on balance, they've been a good or a bad thing for this country." The English were the top ethnic group, with 66% saying they were a good thing for the United States, followed by the Irish at 62%.
The overwhelming majority of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America were of English extraction, including Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, John Adams, James Madison and Thomas Jefferson.
English immigrants in the 19th century, as with other groups, sought economic prosperity. They began migrating in large numbers without state support.
Sense of identity
Americans of English heritage are often seen, and identify, as simply "American" due to the many historic cultural ties between England and the U.S. and their influence on the country's population. Relative to ethnic groups of other European origins, this may be due to the early establishment of English settlements; as well as to non-English groups having emigrated in order to establish significant communities.
In the succeeding years since the founding of the United States of America, English-Americans have been less likely to proclaim their heritage in the face of the upsurge of cultural and ethnic pride by African-Americans, Irish-Americans, Scottish-Americans, Italian-Americans or other ethnic groups. While there may be many reasons for this, after centuries of intermarriage and internal geographic mobility, many are unable to determine a specific English origin. For these reasons, no other part of the pluralist American society is so difficult to describe as a separate entity as the English. English immigrants were and are often seen as an invisible ethnic group, due to the length of time their ancestors may have been in the United States, as the majority of the founding colonists were English people.
Number of English Americans
Number of English Americans Year Ref. Population% of the United States population1980 49,598,035 |-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"| 1990|| ||32,651,788
|align=right| 2000 24,515,138 |-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"| 2010|| ||25,927,345
|align=right|
The original 17th-century settlers were overwhelmingly English. From the time of the first permanent English presence in the New World until 1900, these immigrants outnumbered all others, therefore the cultural pattern had been firmly established as the American model.
Colonies from 1700 - 1775
According to the United States Historical Census Data Base (USHCDB), the ethnic populations in the British American Colonies of 1700, 1755 & 1775 were:
Ethnic composition in the British American Colonies of 1700175517751700 Percent1755Percent1775 Percent English and Welsh80.0% English and Welsh52.0% English 48.7% African11.0% African20.0% African20.0% Dutch4.0% German7.0% Scots-Irish 7.8 % Scottish3.0% Scots-Irish7.0% German6.9% Other European2.0% Irish5.0% Scottish6.6 % Scottish4.0% Dutch2.7% Dutch3.0% French 1.4% Other European2.0% Swedish 0.6% Other 5.3% Colonies 100% Colonies100% Thirteen Colonies100%
Colonial regions and census
Number of Colonial English-Americans 1776 Colonies Ref.% of approximate populationNew England 70.5% Middle 40.6% Southern 37.4%
1790 Census
The 1790 United States Census was the first census conducted in the United States. It was conducted on August 2, 1790.
The ancestry of the 3,929,214 population in 1790 has been estimated by various sources by sampling last names in the very first United States official census and assigning them a country of origin.
The estimate results indicate that people of English ancestry made up about 47.5% of the total population or 60.9% of the European American population. Some 80.7% of the total United States population was of European heritage.
Around 757,208 were of African descent with 697,624 being slaves. Of the remaining population, more than 75% was of British origin.
The states with the highest percentage of English ancestry were Massachusetts 82%, Vermont 76%, Rhode Island 71%, Virginia including West Virginia 68.5%, Connecticut 67%, Maryland including District of Columbua 64.5%, North Carolina 66%, New Hampshire 61%, South Carolina 60.2%, Maine 60%, Delaware 60%, Kentucky and Tennessee 57.9%, Georgia 57.4%, New York 52%, New Jersey 47%, Pennsylvania 35.3%.
2000 Census
Comparison between the 1790 and 2000 census 1790 estimates 2000 CensusAncestry Number% of totalAncestryNumber% of totalEnglish1,900,00047.5German42,885,16215.2 African750,00019.0African36,419,43412.9 Scotch-Irish320,0008.0Irish30,594,13010.9 German280,0007.0English24,515,1388.7 Irish200,0005.0Mexican20,640,7117.3 Scottish160,0004.0Italian15,723,5555.6 Welsh120,0003.0French10,846,0183.9 Dutch100,0002.5Hispanic10,017,2443.6 French80,0002.0Polish8,977,4443.2 Native American50,0001.0Scottish4,890,5811.7 Spanish20,0000.5Dutch4,542,4941.6 Swedish or other20,0000.5Norwegian4,477,7251.6 United States3,929,326100 United States281,421,906100
In the 2000 census, 24.5 million Americans reported English ancestry, 8.7% of the total U.S. population. This estimate is probably a serious undercount by over 30 million given that, in the 1980 census, around 50 million citizens claimed to be of at least partial English ancestry. As many as 80 million Americans may be wholly or partly of English ancestry. In 1980, 23,748,772 Americans claimed wholly English ancestry and another 25,849,263 claimed English along with another ethnic ancestry.
In 1860, an estimated 11 million or almost 35% of the population of the United States was wholly or primarily of English ancestry. The population has increased by almost ten times the numbers in 1860. As with any ethnicity, Americans of English descent may choose to identify themselves as just American ethnicity if their ancestry has been in the United States for many generations or if, for the same reason, they are unaware of their lineages.
English expatriates
In total, there are estimated to be around 678,000 British born expatriates in the United States with the majority of these being English. By American definition there are around 540,000 English people of any race in the United States, 40,000 Asian British, 20,000 Black British people and approximately 10,000 people of a mixed background.
Distribution States
English Americans are found in large numbers throughout America, particularly in the Northeast, South and West. According to the 2000 US census, the 10 states with the largest populations of self-reported English Americans are:
The ten states with the most English AmericansStates with the highest percentages:</tr> 1 California (3,521,355 - 7.4% of state population) 1 Utah (29.0%) </tr> 2 Florida (1,468,576 - 9.2%) 2 Maine (21.5%)</tr> 3 Texas (1,462,984 - 7%)3 Vermont (18.4%)</tr> 4 New York (1,140,036 - 6%)4 Idaho (18.1%) </tr> 5 Ohio (1,046,671 - 9.2%)5 New Hampshire (18.0%)</tr> 6 Pennsylvania (966,253 - 7.9%)6 Wyoming (15.9%)</tr> 7 Michigan (988,625 - 9.9%)7 Oregon (13.2%) </tr> 8 Illinois (831,820 - 6.7%)8 Montana (12.7%)</tr> 9 Virginia (788,849 - 11.1%)9 Delaware (12.1%)</tr> 10 North Carolina (767,749 - 9.5%)10 Colorado, Rhode Island, Washington (12.0% each)</tr>
English was the highest reported European ancestry in the states of Maine, Vermont and Utah; joint highest along with German in the Carolinas.
Cities
Following are the top 20 highest percentages of people of English ancestry, in U.S. communities with 500 or more total inhabitants (for the total list of the 101 communities, see the reference):
Hildale, UT 66.9%
Colorado City, AZ 52.7%
Milbridge, ME 41.1% Panguitch, UT 40.0% Beaver, UT 39.8% Enterprise, UT 39.4%
East Machias, ME 39.1%
Marriott-Slaterville, UT 38.2% Wellsville, UT 37.9% Morgan, UT 37.2% Harrington, ME 36.9% Farmington, UT 36.9% Highland, UT 36.7% Nephi, UT 36.4%
Fruit Heights, UT 35.9%
Addison, ME 35.6%
Farr West, UT 35.4%
Hooper, UT 35.0% Lewiston, UT 35.0%
Plain City, UT 34.7%
On the left, a map showing percentages by county of Americans who declared English ancestry in the 2000 Census. Dark blue and purple colours indicate a higher percentage: highest in the east and west (see also Maps of American ancestries). Center, a map showing the population of English Americans by state. On the right, a map showing the percentages of English Americans by state.
History
Early settlement and colonization
English settlement in America began with Jamestown in the Virginia Colony in 1607. With the permission of James I, three ships (the Susan Constant, The Discovery, and The God Speed) sailed from England and landed at Cape Henry in April, under the captainship of Christopher Newport, who had been hired by the London Company to lead expeditions to what is now America.
The second successful colony was Plymouth Colony, founded in 1620 by people who later became known as the Pilgrims. Fleeing religious persecution in the East Midlands in England, they first went to Holland, but feared losing their English identity. Because of this, they chose to relocate to the New World, with their voyage being financed by English investors. In September 1620, 102 passengers set sail aboard the Mayflower, eventually settling at Plymouth Colony in November. This story has become a central theme in the United States cultural identity.
A number of English colonies were established under a system of proprietary governors, who were appointed under mercantile charters to English joint stock companies to found and run settlements.
England also took over the Dutch colony of New Netherland (including the New Amsterdam settlement), renaming it the Province of New York in 1664. With New Netherland, the English came to control the former New Sweden (in what is now Delaware), which the Dutch had conquered from Sweden earlier. This became part of Pennsylvania.
English immigration after 1776
Immigration from England to the United States 1820 - 1970 Years Arrivals Years Arrivals 1820-183015,837 1901-1910388,0171831-18407,611 1911-1920249,944 1841-185032,092 1921-1930157,4201851-1860247,1251931-194021,756 1861-1870222,277 1941-1950112,2521871-1880437,706 1951-1960156,1711881-1890644,680 1961-1970174,452 1891-1900216,726 Arrivals Total (150 yrs)3,084,066
Cultural similarities and a common language allowed English immigrants to integrate rapidly and gave rise to a unique Anglo-American culture. An estimated 3.5 million English immigrated to the U.S. after 1776. English settlers provided a steady and substantial influx throughout the 19th century. The first wave of increasing English immigration began in the late 1820s and was sustained by unrest in the United Kingdom until it peaked in 1842 and declined slightly for nearly a decade. Most of these were small farmers and tenant farmers from depressed areas in rural counties in southern and western England and urban laborers who fled from the depressions and from the social and industrial changes of the late 1820s-1840s. While some English immigrants were drawn by dreams of creating model utopian societies in America, most others were attracted by the lure of new lands, textile factories, railroads, and the expansion of mining.
A number of English settlers moved to the United States from Australia in the 1850s (then a British political territory), when the California Gold Rush boomed; these included the so-called "Sydney Ducks" (see Australian Americans).
During the last years of the 1860s, annual English immigration increased to over 60,000 and continued to rise to over 75,000 per year in 1872, before experiencing a decline. The final and most sustained wave of immigration began in 1879 and lasted until the depression of 1893. During this period English annual immigration averaged more than 82,000, with peaks in 1882 and 1888 and did not drop significantly until the financial panic of 1893. The building of America's transcontinental railroads, the settlement of the great plains, and industrialization attracted skilled and professional emigrants from England.
England-born in the United States 1850 – 2010YearPopulation% of foreign-born% of total population 2010356,4890.9 2000423,609 1990405,5881980442,499 1970458,1144.80.2 1960528,2055.40.3 1950809,563 1940// 1930809,5635.70.7 1920813,853 1910877,7196.51.1 1900840,513 1890908,1419.81.4 1880662,676 1870550,92410.01.4 1860431,692 1850278,67512.41.2
Also, cheaper steamship fares enabled unskilled urban workers to come to America, and unskilled and semiskilled laborers, miners, and building trades workers made up the majority of these new English immigrants. While most settled in America, a number of skilled craftsmen remained itinerant, returning to England after a season or two of work. Groups of English immigrants came to America as missionaries for the Salvation Army and to work with the activities of the Evangelical and LDS Churches.
The depression of 1893 sharply decreased English emigration to the United States, and it stayed low for much of the twentieth century. This decline reversed itself in the decade of World War II when over 100,000 English (18 percent of all European immigrants) came from England. In this group was a large contingent of war brides who came between 1945 and 1948. In these years four women emigrated from England for every man. In the 1950s, English immigration increased to over 150,000.and rose to 170,000 in the 1960s. While differences developed, it is not surprising that English immigrants had little difficulty in assimilating to American life. The American resentment against the policies of the British government was rarely transferred to English settlers who came to America in the first decades of the nineteenth century.
Throughout American history, English immigrants and their descendants have been prominent in every level of government and in every aspect of American life. Eight of the first ten American presidents and more than that proportion of the 42 presidents, as well as the majority of sitting congressmen and congresswomen, are descended from English ancestors. The descendants of English expatriates are so numerous and so well integrated in American life that it is impossible to identify all of them. While they are the third largest ethnic nationality self-reported in the 1990 census, they retain such a pervasive representation at every level of national and state government that, on any list of American senators, Supreme Court judges, governors, or legislators, they would constitute a plurality if not an outright majority. Today it is estimated that over 80 million Americans are of English ancestry, not including African Americans, who also have some English ancestry.
Political involvement Colonial period
As the earliest colonists of the United States, settlers from England and their descendants often held positions of power and made or helped make laws, often because many had been involved in government back in England. In the original 13 colonies, most laws contained elements found in the English common law system.
Of the 55 delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention, 49 were Protestants, and two were Roman Catholics (D. Carroll, and Fitzsimons). Among the Protestant delegates to the Constitutional Convention, 28 were Church of England (or Episcopalian, after the American Revolutionary War was won), eight were Presbyterians, seven were Congregationalists, two were Lutherans, two were Dutch Reformed, and two were Methodists.
The Founding Fathers
The lineage of most of the Founding Fathers was English. Such persons include Samuel Adams. Other signatories of the Declaration of Independence, such as Robert Morris were English born. Of the "Committee of Five" (the group delegated to draft the Declaration of Independence), (four of the five) - John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, and Roger Sherman of Connecticut had English roots.
The United States Declaration of Independence was written primarily by Thomas Jefferson.
Influence
While WASPs (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant's) have been major players in every major American political party, an exceptionally strong association has existed between WASPs and the Republican Party, both in political activity and popular consciousness. Politicians such as Leverett Saltonstall of Massachusetts, Prescott Bush of Connecticut and Nelson Rockefeller of New York exemplified the pro-business liberal Republicanism of their social stratum, espousing internationalist views on foreign policy, supporting social programs, and holding liberal views on issues like racial integration. A famous confrontation was the 1952 Senate election in Massachusetts where John F. Kennedy, a Catholic of Irish descent, defeated WASP Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.. However the challenge by Barry Goldwater in 1964 to the Eastern Republican establishment helped undermine the WASP dominance. Goldwater himself had solid WASP credentials through his mother, but was instead mistakenly seen as part of the Jewish community (which he had never associated with). By the 1980s, the liberal Rockefeller Republican wing of the party was marginalized, overwhelmed by the dominance of the Southern and Western conservative Republicans.
Language
The English have contributed greatly to American life. Today, English is the most commonly spoken language in the U.S, where it is estimated that two thirds of all native speakers of English live.
English was inherited from English colonization, and it is spoken by the vast majority of the population. It serves as the de facto official language: the language in which government business is carried out. According to the 1990 census, 94% of the U.S. population speak only English. Adding those who speak English "well" or "very well" brings this figure to 96%. Only 0.8% speak no English at all as compared with 3.6% in 1890. American English differs from British English in a number of ways, the most striking being in terms of pronunciation (for example, American English retains voicing of the letter "R" after vowels, unlike standard British English) and spelling (a classic example being the "u" in words such as color, favor (US) vs colour, favour (UK)). Less obvious differences are present in grammar, vocabulary, and slang usage. The differences are rarely a barrier to effective communication between American English and British English speakers, but there are certainly enough differences to cause occasional misunderstandings, usually surrounding slang or region dialect differences. The two are however generally treated as mutually intelligible.
Some states, like California, have amended their constitutions to make English the only official language, but in practice, this only means that official government documents must at least be in English, and does not mean that they should be exclusively available only in English. For example, the standard California Class C driver's license examination is available in 32 different languages.
Expressions
"In for a penny, in for a pound" is an expression to mean, ("if you're going to take a risk at all, you might as well make it a big risk"), is used in the United States which dates back to the colonial period, when cash in the colonies was denominated in Pounds, shillings and Pence.
Today, the one-cent coin is commonly known as a penny. A modern alternative expression is "In for a dime, in for a dollar".
American cultural icons
Much of American culture also shows influences from English culture.
American flag
Flag of the United States - Based on the British Grand Union Flag, which is considered to be the first national flag of the United States, and was first flown on December 2, 1775.
Cuisine
Apple pie - New England was the first region to experience large-scale English colonization in the early 17th century, beginning in 1620, and it was dominated by East Anglian Calvinists, better known as the Puritans. Baking was a particular favorite of the New Englanders and was the origin of dishes seen today as quintessentially "American", such as apple pie and the oven-roasted Thanksgiving turkey. "As American as apple pie" is a well-known phrase used to suggest that something is all-American.
Roast Beef - In the middle of the 17th century a second wave of English immigrants began arriving in North America, settling mainly in the Chesapeake Bay region of Virginia and Maryland, expanding upon the Jamestown settlement. There roast beef was often served with Yorkshire puddings and horseradish sauce. (It was despised by the French.)
Harvest festivals
Thanksgiving — In England, thanks have been given for successful harvests since pagan times. The celebrations on this day usually include singing hymns, praying, and decorating churches with baskets of fruit and food in the festival known as Harvest Festival, Harvest Home or Harvest Thanksgiving. In the U.S. it has become a national secular holiday (official since 1863) with religious origins, but in England it remains a Church festival giving thanks to God for the harvest. The first Thanksgiving was celebrated by English settlers to give thanks to God for helping the Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony survive the brutal winter. The modern Thanksgiving holiday traces its origins from a 1621 celebration at the Plymouth Plantation, where the Plymouth settlers held a harvest feast after a successful growing season. William Bradford is credited as the first to proclaim the American cultural event which is generally referred to as the "First Thanksgiving".
Sports
Baseball - English lawyer William Bray recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford, Surrey; Bray's diary was verified as authentic in September 2008. This early form of the game was apparently brought to North America by British immigrants. The first appearance of the term that exists in print was in "A Little Pretty Pocket-Book" in 1744, where it is called Base-Ball. Today, Rounders which has been played in England since Tudor times holds a similarity to Baseball. Although, literary references to early forms of "base-ball" in the United Kingdom pre-date use of the term "rounders".
American football - can be traced to early versions of rugby football, played in England and first developed in American universities in the mid-19th century.
Music
Another area of cultural influence are American Patriotic songs:
American national anthem - takes its melody from the 18th-century English song "To Anacreon in Heaven" written by John Stafford Smith from England for the Anacreontic Society, a men's social club in London and lyrics written by Francis Scott Key of English descent. This became a well-known and recognized patriotic song throughout the United States, which was officially designated as the U.S. national anthem in 1931.
Hail to the Chief - is the song to announce the arrival or presence of the President of the United States. English songwriter James Sanderson (c. 1769 – c. 1841), composed the music and was first performed in 1812 in New York.
Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom.
The Liberty Song - written by John Dickinson of English descent in 1768 to the music of Englishman William Boyce's "Heart of Oak", is perhaps the first patriotic song written in America. The song contains the line "by uniting we stand, by dividing we fall", the first recorded use of the sentiment.
My Country, 'Tis of Thee - whose melody was indirectly derived from the British national anthem, also served as a de facto anthem before the adoption of "The Star-Spangled Banner."
Amazing Grace - written by English poet and clergyman John Newton became such an icon in American culture that it has been used for a variety of secular purposes and marketing campaigns, placing it in danger of becoming a cliché.
Yankee Doodle - is written and accredited to Englishman Dr. Richard Shuckburgh an army doctor. The tune comes from the English nursery rhyme Lucy Locket.
English family names
Of the top ten family names in the United States, eight have English origins or having possible mixed British Isles heritage, the other two being of Spanish origin. This is the first time two surnames of non-British Isles origin have been in the top 10 most common family names.
Many African Americans have their origins in slavery (i.e. slave name). Many of them came to bear the surnames of their former owners. Many freed slaves either created family names themselves or adopted the name of their former master.
According to 2000 U.S. Census data, eight of the top ten surnames in the United States are of British Isles origin, while two are the most common surnames among Hispanics. In the last UK Census in 2001, surnames in England can be compared to the United States with 6 of the family names in England being in both their top ten. Many English surnames are also found in Ireland. This is attributable to a number of factors, including the Protestant Plantation of Ireland, the imposition of the Penal Laws in the 1700s which forced many Irish people to Anglicize their surnames, and English ancestry in the Irish population itself, especially in the area around Dublin. Also, in the 9th century, Viking invaders brought many Norse names to Ireland that they had already brought to England when they established and settled the Danelaw. Some Scandinavian names may have been brought to England in pre-Viking times, especially in the North and East, and the Anglo-Normans who invaded Ireland in the 1170s brought many Norman French names which had already spread to England.
Name Rank - 2000 Number Country of Origin England - 2001 Smith 12,376,207 England, Scotland, IrelandSmith Johnson 21,857,160 EnglandJones Williams 31,534,042 England, WalesTaylor Brown 41,380,145 England, Ireland, ScotlandBrown Jones 51,362,755 England, WalesWilliams Miller 61,127,803England, Ireland, or Scotland (Miller can be the anglicized version of Mueller/Müller - a surname from Germany) Wilson Davis 71,072,335 England, WalesJohnson García 8858,289 SpainDavies Rodríguez9804,240 SpainRobinson Wilson 10783,051 England, ScotlandWright
It should be pointed out, however, that a significant number of non-English immigrants anglicized their surnames. For example, "Smith" may come from German Schmidt, or Dutch Smit; "Johnson" from Norwegian or Danish Johansen, Dutch Jansen, or Swedish Johansson, "Brown" from German Braun, "Miller" from German Müller, and so forth. On the other hand, "Williams", "Jones", and "Davis", which are often associated with Welsh ancestry due to their common occurrence in Wales, are actually mostly English, as Wales has a much smaller population (and diaspora) than England.
English place names in the United States
Boston Financial District skyline.jpg
Boston, Massachusetts, is named after Boston, England.
Statue of Liberty with One World Trade Center.jpg
In 1664, the English renamed "New York" after (James II of England) the Duke of York.
There are many places in the United States named after places in Great Britain as a result of the many British settlers and explorers; in addition, some places were named after the English royal family. These include the region of New England and some of the following:
Alabama
Birmingham after Birmingham, England
Delaware
Dover after Dover, England
Wilmington named by Proprietor Thomas Penn after his friend Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington, who was prime minister in the reign of George II of Great Britain.
Georgia
Georgia was named after King George II.
Maryland
Maryland named so for Queen Henrietta Maria (Queen Mary).
Massachusetts
Boston after Boston, England
Gloucester after Gloucester, England
Southampton after Southampton, England
Northampton, Massachusetts after Northampton, England
New Hampshire
New Hampshire state (after Hampshire)
Manchester after Manchester, England
New Jersey
Burlington County and Burlington after the English east-coast town of Bridlington.
Gloucester County and Gloucester City after the city of Gloucester / county of Gloucestershire in England.
New York
New York City (after the Duke of York)
Pennsylvania
Berks County after Berkshire, England
Bucks County after Buckinghamshire, England
Chester County and Chester after Chester, England
Darby derived from Derby (pronounced "Darby"), the county town of Derbyshire (pronounced "Darbyshire")
Horsham after Horsham, England
Lancaster County and Lancaster after the city of Lancaster in the county of Lancashire in England, the native home of John Wright, one of the early settlers.
Reading, Berks County after Reading, Berkshire, England
Warminster after a small town in the county of Wiltshire, at the western extremity of Salisbury Plain, England.
The Carolinas
The province, named Carolina (The Carolinas-North and South) to honor King Charles I of England, was divided into SC and NC in 1729, although the actual date is the subject of debate.
Virginia
The name Virginia was first applied by Queen Elizabeth I (the "Virgin Queen") and Sir Walter Raleigh in 1584.,
Architecture
American Architecture, particularly in the nation's earlier years, has long been strongly influenced by English styles. The United States Capitol building, for example, was first designed by English-educated American Architect William Thornton, and bears a resemblance to St Paul's Cathedral in London. Also, many American college campuses, such as Harvard, Penn, Yale, Brown, Williams, Princeton University, and the University of Delaware, have English Georgian or English gothic architecture.
Law
The American legal system also has its roots in English law. For example, elements of the Magna Carta were incorporated into the United States constitution. English law prior to the revolution is still part of the law of the United States, and provides the basis for many American legal traditions and policies.
After the revolution, English law was again adopted by the now independent American States.
Presidents of English descent
Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington.jpg Official Presidential portrait of Thomas Jefferson (by Rembrandt Peale, 1800).jpg William Henry Harrison daguerreotype edit.jpg Mathew Brady - Franklin Pierce - alternate crop.jpg
Most of the Presidents of the United States have had English ancestry. The extent of English heritage varies in the presidents with earlier presidents being predominantly of colonial English Yankee stock. Later US Presidents' ancestry can often be traced to ancestors from multiple nations in Europe, including England.
George Washington (English)
1st President 1789–97 (great-grandfather, John Washington from Purleigh, Essex, England.)
John Adams (English)
2nd President 1797–1801 (great-great-grandfather, Henry Adams born 1583 Barton St David, Somerset, England, immigrated to Boston, Massachusetts.)
Thomas Jefferson (English and Scots-English)
3rd President 1801–09 (Maternal English ancestry from William Randolph.)
James Madison (English) 4th President 1809–17
John Quincy Adams (English)
6th President 1825–29 (Henry Adams born 1583 Barton St David, Somerset, England.)
William Henry Harrison (English)
9th President 1841–41 John Tyler (English) 10th President 1841–45 Zachary Taylor (English) 12th President 1849–50 Millard Fillmore (English) 13th President 1850–53 Franklin Pierce (English) 14th President 1853–57
Abraham Lincoln (English, Welsh)
16th President 1861–65 (Samuel Lincoln baptised 1622 in Hingham, Norfolk, England, died in Hingham, Massachusetts.)
Andrew Johnson (Scots-Irish & English)
17th President 1865–69
Ulysses S. Grant (Scots-Irish, English & Scottish)
18th President, 1869–77
Rutherford B. Hayes (English)
19th President 1877–81
James A. Garfield (English, Welsh and French)
20th President 1881–81
Chester A. Arthur (Scots-Irish & English)
21st President 1881–85
Grover Cleveland (Scots-Irish & English)
22nd and 24th President, 1885–89 and 1893–97
Benjamin Harrison (Scots-Irish & English)
23rd President, 1889–93
William McKinley (Scots-Irish & English)
25th President, 1897–1901
Theodore Roosevelt (Scots-Irish, Dutch, Scots, English & French)
26th President, 1901–09
William Howard Taft (Scots-Irish & English)
27th President 1909–13
Warren G. Harding (Scots-Irish & English)
29th President 1921–23 Calvin Coolidge (English) 30th President 1923–29
Franklin D. Roosevelt (Dutch, French & English)
32nd President 1933–45
Harry S. Truman (Scots-Irish, English & German)
33rd President 1945–53
Lyndon B. Johnson (English)
36th President 1963–69
Richard Nixon (Scots-Irish, Irish, English & German)
37th President, 1969–74 Gerald Ford (English) 38th President 1974–77
Jimmy Carter (Scots-Irish & English)
39th President 1977–81 (Thomas Carter Sr. emigrated from England to Isle of Wight County, Virginia.)
Ronald Reagan (Scots-Irish, Irish, English & Scottish)
40th President 1981–89: He was the great-grandson, on his father's side, of Irish migrants from County Tipperary who came to America via Canada and England in the 1840s. His mother was of Scottish and English ancestry.
George H. W. Bush (Scots-Irish, English, Dutch & German)
41st President 1989–93: County Wexford historians have found that one of his ancestors, Richard de Clare, Earl of Pembroke nicknamed "Strongbow" offered his military services in the 12th-century Norman invasion of Wexford, Ireland. Strongbow married Aoife, daughter of Dermot MacMurrough, the Gaelic king of Leinster who had welcomed the Norman assistance to regain his throne in Ireland. .
Bill Clinton (Scots-Irish & English)
42nd President 1993–2001
George W. Bush (Scots-Irish, English, Dutch, German & Welsh)
43rd President 2001–09: Reynold Bush from Messing, Essex, England emigrated in 1631 to Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Barack Obama (Luo, English & Irish)
44th President 2009–: His maternal ancestors came to America from France, England, Germany, Switzerland and Ireland. His ancestors lived in New England and the South and by the 1800s most were in the Midwest. His father was Luo (or Jaluo) from Kenya, and was the first person in his family to travel or live outside of Africa.
See also English diaspora
Americans or American people
Anglo America English (ethnic group) Anglo-American relations Anglo-Celtic Australian Anglosphere Philadelphia Main Line Boston Brahmin British American
Demographic history of the United States
English colonial empire
English place names in the United States
Scotch-Irish American European American
Immigration to the United States
List of English Americans
Scottish American Welsh American
Maps of American ancestries
White Anglo-Saxon Protestant Yankee References |
Source: College Home / Uncategories / White Anglo-Saxon Protestant White Anglo-Saxon Protestant Unknown 03.36 Edit White Anglo-Saxon Protestant ( WASP
) is an informal, sometimes disparaging and offensive term for a group of high-status and influential White Americans of English Protestant ancestry. The term applies to a group believed to control disproportionate social, political, and financial power in the United States. It describes a group whose family wealth, education, status, and elite connections allow them a degree of privilege held by few others.
Scholars agree that the group's influence has waned since the end of World War II, with the growing influence of other American ethnic groups. The term is also used in Canada and Australia for similar elites.
When the term appears in writing, it usually indicates the author's disapproval of the group's excessive power in society. The hostile tone can be seen in an alternative dictionary: "The WASP culture has been the most aggressive, powerful, and arrogant society in the world for the last thousand years, so it is na
tural that it should receive a certain amount of warranted criticism." People seldom call themselves WASPs, except humorously; the acronym is typically used by non-WASPs.
Etymology
Historically, "Anglo-Saxon" referred to the Anglo Saxon language (today called "Old English") of the inhabitants of England and the Scottish lowlands before about 1150. Since the 19th century it has been in common use in the English-speaking world, but not in Britain itself, to refer to Protestants of British descent. The "W" and "P" were added in the 1950s to form a witty epithet with an undertone of "waspishness" (which means a person who is easily irritated and quick to take offense).
The first published mention of the term WASP was provided by political scientist Andrew Hacker in 1957, indicating WASP was already used as common terminology among American sociologists, though the "W" stands for "Wealthy" rather than "White":
The term was popularized by sociologist and University of Pennsylvania professor E. Digby Baltzell, himself a WASP, in his 1964 book
The Protestant Establishment: Aristocracy and Caste in America.
Baltzell stressed the closed or caste-like characteristic of the group, arguing, "There is a crisis in American leadership in the middle of the twentieth century that is partly due, I think, to the declining authority of an establishment which is now based on an increasingly castelike White-Anglo Saxon-Protestant (WASP) upper class."
Anglo-Saxon as a modern term
"Anglo-Saxons" before 1900 was often used as a synonym for all people of English descent and sometimes more generally, for all the English-speaking peoples of the world as such. For example, American missionary Josiah Strong said in 1890:
In 1700 this race numbered less than 6,000,000 souls. In 1800, Anglo- Saxons (I use the term somewhat broadly to include all English-speaking peoples) had increased to about 20,500,000, and now, in 1890, they number more than 120,000,000."
In 1893 Strong predicted, "This race is destined to dispossess many weaker ones, assimilate others, and mould the remainder until... it has Anglo-Saxonized mankind."
Before WASP came into use in the 1960s the term "Anglo Saxon" filled some of the same purposes, especially when used by writers somewhat hostile to an informal alliance between Britain and the U.S. It was especially common among Irish Americans and writers in France. "Anglo-Saxon", meaning in effect the whole Anglosphere, remains a term favored by the French, used disapprovingly in contexts such as criticism of the Special Relationship of close diplomatic relations between the US and Britain, a more market-oriented economic approach, and discussion of perceived "Anglo-Saxon" cultural or political dominance. It also remains in use in Ireland as a term for the British or English, and sometimes in Scottish Nationalist discourse. American humorist Finley Peter Dunne popularized the ridicule of "Anglo Saxon" circa 1890-1910, even calling President Theodore Roosevelt one. Roosevelt insisted he was Dutch and invited Dunne to the White House for conversation. "To be genuinely Irish is to challenge WASP dominance," argues politician Tom Hayden. The depiction of the Irish in the films of John Ford was a counterpoint to WASP standards of rectitude. "The procession of rambunctious and feckless Celts through Ford's films, Irish and otherwise, was meant to cock a snoot at WASP or 'lace-curtain Irish' ideas of respectability."
In Australia, "Anglo" or "Anglo-Saxon" refers to people of English descent, while "Anglo-Celtic" expands to include people of Irish and Scottish descent.
In France, "Anglo Saxon" firstly refers to England, and by extension to all English-speaking countries. It has a neutral meaning, and can be used both in a positive sense or pejoratively. In a negative use, it can refer to "immoral capitalism", where money is more valuable than human life. It also has had more nuanced uses in discussions by French writers on French decline, especially as an alternative model to which France should aspire, how France should adjust to its two most prominent global competitors, and how it should deal with social and economic modernization.
Outside Anglophone countries, both in Europe and in the rest of the world, the term "Anglo-Saxon" and its direct translations are used to refer to the Anglophone peoples and societies of Britain, the United States, and other countries such as Australia, Canada and New Zealand â" areas which are sometimes referred to as the Anglosphere. The term "Anglo-Saxon" can be used in a variety of contexts, often to identify the English-speaking world's distinctive language, culture, technology, wealth, markets, economy, and legal systems. Variations include the German "Angelsachsen", French "Anglo-Saxon", Spanish "anglosajón", Dutch "anglosaksisch", Italian "anglosassone", Portuguese "anglo-saxão", Polish "anglosaski", Catalan "anglosaxó", Japanese "Angurosakuson" and Ukrainian "aнглоÑакÑи" (anhlosaksy).
Expansion of term for other groups
Sociologists William Thompson and Joseph Hickey noted the expansion of the term's coverage over time:
WASPs vary in exact Protestant denomination, however the great majority have traditionally been associated with Episcopal, Presbyterian, and other mainline Protestant denominations. Today, the usage of the term has expanded to include not just English American elites but also families of non-English Protestant Northern European and Northwestern European origin, including Scottish Americans and Ulster Scots, Dutch Americans, French Huguenots, German Americans, and Scandinavian Americans.
Historian Charles J. Scalise, coined the term "WIP" (White Italian Protestant) for Italian Americans who convert to Protestantism.
In recent years, another minor usage has appeared in northeastern states to refer to a fashion style or a preppy lifestyle.
Culture attributed to WASPs
The WASP elite dominated much of politics and the economy, as well as the high culture, well into the 20th century. Anthony Smith argues that nations tend to be formed on the basis of a pre-modern ethnic core that provides the myths, symbols, and memories for the modern nation and that WASPs were indeed that core. WASPs are still prominent at prep schools (expensive private high schools, primarily in the Northeast), Ivy League universities, and prestigious liberal arts colleges, such as the Little Ivies or Seven Sisters.
WASP leisure included upscale activities such as foreign travel, equestrianism, and yachting â" expensive pursuits that need both leisure time and affluence to pursue, and which sociologists such as Thorstein Veblen (
The Theory of the Leisure Class
) have pointed to as a marker of social standing.
In the Midwest, WASPs favored the University of Michigan, Northwestern University, and University of Chicago. In the Detroit area, WASPs dominated the wealth that came from the huge industrial capacity of the automotive industry. After the 1967 Detroit riot, they tended to congregate in the Grosse Pointe suburbs. In Chicago, they are present in the North Shore suburbs, the Barrington area in the northwest suburbs, and Oak Park and DuPage County in the western suburbs.
Protestantism and social values
David Brooks, a commentator on class who attended an Episcopal prep school, writes that WASPs took pride in "good posture, genteel manners, personal hygiene, pointless discipline, the ability to sit still for long periods of time."
Episcopalians and Presbyterian WASPs tend to be considerably wealthier and better educated than most other religious groups in Americans, and are disproportionately represented in the upper reaches of American business, law and politics, especially the Republican Party. Numbers of the wealthiest and most affluent American families ("Old Money"), such as the Vanderbilts and Astors, Rockefeller, Du Pont, Roosevelt, Forbes, Whitneys, the Morgans and Harrimans are Episcopalian and Presbyterian families.
A common practice of WASP families is presenting their daughters of marriagable age (traditionally at the age of 17 or 18 years old) at a débutante ball, such as The International Debutante Ball at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City.
Ivy League
The Ivy League universities have strong WASP historical ties, and their influence continues today. Until about World War II, Ivy League universities were composed largely of WASP students. As some of the nation's top universities, they still continue to be the university of choice for WASP families today. The Big Three (Harvard, Yale and Princeton universities) have traditionally been the top three universities of choice for WASP families.
Admission to these universities is based on academic merit, but there is nonetheless a certain preference for "legacy" alumni. Students can form connections which carry over to the influential spheres of finance, culture, and politics. Many alumni from these universities go on to successful careers, continuing the WASP cultural and economic influence.
Social Register
Social registers and society pages list the privileged, who mingle in the same private clubs, attend the same churches, graduated from the same private schools and universities, and live in exclusive, upper-class neighborhoods.
The Social Register is a directory of names and addresses of prominent American families who form the social elite. Inclusion in the Social Register has historically been limited to White Anglo-Saxon Protestant members of polite society, and/or those with "old money", within the Social Register cities of Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Portland (Oregon), Providence, San Francisco, Seattle, and Washington, D.C., as well as ones for "Southern Cities".
WASP neighborhoods and cities
Like other ethnic groups, WASPs live in proximity of each other in close social circles. Neighborhoods and cities with large populations of WASPs are oftentimes the most sought after neighborhoods of the city. These areas are largely exclusive and upper class with top private and public schools, high family incomes, well established Christian church communities, and with high real estate values. Some of the most prominent WASP communities are:
Boston- Beacon Hill, Brookline, Newton, and the Back Bay
Chicago- North Shore, Lake Forest, Kenilworth, and Glencoe
Cincinnati- Indian Hill and Springboro
Cleveland- Shaker Heights, Bratenahl, Hunting Valley, Kirtland Hills, and Gates Mills
Detroit- Grosse Pointe
Maine- Coastal towns, particularly Bar Harbor
Miami- Coral Gables and Palm Beach
New Jersey- Princeton, Lawrenceville, as well as other communities in central and northern New Jersey.
New York City- Manhattan's Upper East Side and the Upper West Side, Park Slope, Westchester County, Fairfield County, Long Island's North Shore and The Hamptons
Philadelphia- Society Hill, Main Line, and Chestnut Hill
Rhode Island- Newport and College Hill, Providence
Washington, D.C.- McLean, Alexandria, and Georgetown
Fashion
As members of the cultural elite, many fashion trends have emerged from WASP society throughout history. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the Preppy fashion emerged as a style of dress popular amongst many upper and upper middle class WASPs in the Northeast.
Preppy fashion has its roots in the Ivy League style of dress, which started around 1912 and became more established in the late 1950s. J. Press represented the quintessential Ivy League style, stemming from the collegiate traditions of Ivy League schools. In the mid-twentieth century J. Press and Brooks Brothers both had stores on Ivy League school campuses, including Harvard, Princeton, and Yale. Preppy fashion emerged in the 1970s with cues from the original Ivy League style, along with influences from traditional Northeastern culture.
Some typical preppy styles also reflect traditional upper class New England WASP leisure activities, such as polo, sailing, hunting, fencing, crew rowing, lacrosse, tennis, golf, rugby, and swimming. This association with New England outdoor activities can be seen in preppy fashion, through stripes and colors, equestrian clothing, plaid shirts, field jackets, and nautical-themed accessories. By the 1980s, a slew of brands such as Lacoste, Izod, and Dooney & Bourke became associated with preppy style. Other popular brands today also include Ralph Lauren, J. Crew, Vineyard Vines, Carolina Herrera, and Daniel Cremieux.
Political influence
WASPs were major players in the Republican Party. Politicians such as Leverett Saltonstall of Massachusetts, Prescott Bush of Connecticut and Nelson Rockefeller of New York exemplified the pro-business liberal Republicanism of their social stratum, espousing internationalist views on foreign policy, supporting social programs, and holding liberal views on issues like racial integration. A famous confrontation was the 1952 Senate election in Massachusetts where Irish Catholic John F. Kennedy defeated WASP Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.. However the challenge by Barry Goldwater in 1964 to the Eastern Republican establishment helped undermine the WASP dominance. Goldwater himself had solid WASP credentials through his mother, but was instead mistakenly seen as part of the Jewish community (which he had never associated with). By the 1980s, the liberal Rockefeller Republican wing of the party was marginalized, overwhelmed by the dominance of the Southern and Western conservative Republicans.
Catholics in the Northeast and the Midwest, usually Irish-American, dominated Democratic party politics in big cities through the ward boss system. Catholic (or "white ethnic") politicians were often the target of WASP political hostility.
In Québec politics, René Lévesque attracted controversy in 1970 by attacking what he called "WASP arrogance."
Fading dominance Public disparagement
In 1939, the Daughters of the American Revolution denied prominent black singer Marian Anderson permission to sing in Constitution Hall. In the ensuing furor, the president's wife Eleanor Roosevelt publicly resigned from the DAR and arranged for Anderson to sing at the Lincoln Memorial before a cheering crowd of 75,000.
Also in 1939, the old elite came under ridicule in the smash Broadway comedy hit, "Arsenic and Old Lace". The play was later adapted as the Hollywood film, "Arsenic and Old Lace" (shot in 1941, released in 1944). The play was written by Joseph Kesselring, a former music professor at Bethel College, a school of the pacifist Mennonite church. The play appeared at a time of strong isolationist sentiment regarding European affairs.
The play and film tell how the hero Mortimer Brewster (Cary Grant) makes the horrifying discovery that his two beloved maiden aunts, are serial murderers of homeless old men. The Brewsters trace the family back to the
Mayflower
, and the walls of their genteel Brooklyn home are hung with oil portraits of their ancestors. Religion is repeatedly alluded to (one of the murdered old men is identified as having been a Baptist and a main character is the daughter of the minister of the church next door, with some scenes taking place in its ancient graveyard). The Brewsters have delusions of grandeur. Mortimer's brother who lives with the two sisters believes that he is President Theodore Roosevelt. The sisters see themselves as philanthropists who help lonely old men. Wearing old lace, the two kill old men with wine laced with arsenic. The Brewster family is so eminently respectable that the Irish police reject the idea that there could be 13 murder victims buried in the basement. In the finale, Mortimer Brewster discovers he was adopted and is not really a Brewster. If he is not a member of the Brewster family, he realizes he will not become insane or a murderer. In the film's closing scene he exclaims "I'm not a Brewster, I'm a son of a sea cook!" as he gleefully takes his new bride on their honeymoon. Gunter argues that the deep theme of the film is the conflict in American history between the liberty to do anything (which the Brewsters demand), and America's bloody hidden past. He notes that the evil disfigured nephew was played by Raymond Massey. He was well known at the time for his portrayal of Abraham Lincoln; now he is a disfigured monster, and Gunter suggests a link between Lincoln and American atrocities.
Post-World War II
It was not until after World War II that the privilege and power in the old Protestant establishment began to decline. Many reasons have been given for the decline of WASP power, and books have been written detailing it. Self-imposed diversity incentives opened the country's most elite schools. The GI Bill brought higher education to new ethnic arrivals, who found middle class jobs in the postwar economic expansion. Nevertheless, white Protestants remain influential in the country's cultural, political, and economic elite.
In the federal civil service, once dominated by those from a Protestant denomination (WASPs), especially in the Department of State, Catholics and Jews made strong inroads after 1945. Georgetown University, a Catholic school, made a systematic effort to place graduates in diplomatic career tracks, while Princeton University (a WASP bastion), at one point lost favor with donors because too few of its graduates were entering careers in the federal government. By the 1990s there were âroughly the same proportion of WASPs, Catholics, and Jews at the elite levels of the federal civil service, and a greater proportion of Jewish and Catholic elites among corporate lawyers.â In 2014, the Supreme Court, for instance, is entirely composed of Catholics (6) and Jews (3).
With the 2010 retirement of John Paul Stevens (born 1920), the U.S. Supreme Court has no White Protestant members. The University of California, Berkeley, once a WASP stronghold, has changed radically: only 30% of its undergraduates in 2007 were of European origin (including WASPs and all other Europeans), and 63% of undergraduates at the University were from immigrant families (where at least one parent was an immigrant), especially Asian.
A significant shift of American economic activity toward the Sun Belt during the latter part of the 20th century, and an increasingly globalized economy have also contributed to the decline in power held by Northeastern WASPs. While WASPs are no longer solitary among the American elite, members of the Patrician class remain markedly prevalent within the current power structure.
In popular culture
A common theme in cinema is the relationship between a WASPy person and a non-WASP. The difference in their characteristics and lifestyles creates a contrast that tells part of the story. Movies with this theme include
The Godfather , The Birdcage ,
My Big Fat Greek Wedding
,
The Wolf of Wall Street
and Meet the Fockers
. The American television drama,
Orange Is the New Black
follows the life of a female WASP in the American penal system
See also Boston Brahmin Corporatism Elitism Ethnic elite Irish Catholic Ivy League Old money Socialite Upper class Yankee Notes References
Allen, Irving Lewis. "WASPâ"From Sociological Concept to Epithet",
Ethnicity, 1975 154+ Allen, Irving Lewis:
Unkind Words: Ethnic Labeling from Redskin to Wasp
(NY: Bergin & Garvey, 1990) ISBN 9780897892209
Brookhiser, Richard.
The Way of the WASP How It Made America and How It Can Save It, So to Speak
, (1991) 171 pages. ISBN 9780029047217
Chabal, Emile., "The Rise of the Anglo-Saxon: French Perceptions of the Anglo-American World in the Long Twentieth Century",
French Politics, Culture & Society
(2013) 31#1 pp. 24â"46
Cookson, Peter W.; Persell, Caroline Hodges:
Preparing for Power: America's Elite Boarding Schools
(1985) ISBN 9780465062683
Davidson, James D.; Pyle, Ralph E.; Reyes, David V.: "Persistence and Change in the Protestant Establishment, 1930-1992",
Social Forces
, Vol. 74, No. 1. (September., 1995), pp. 157â"175.
Friend, Tad.
Cheerful Money: Me, My Family, and the Last Days of WASP Splendor
(2009). ISBN 9780316003179 Fussell, Paul.
Class: A Guide Through the American Status System
(1983) ISBN 9780671792251
Kaufmann, Eric P. "The decline of the WASP in the United States and Canada" in Kaufmann, ed.,
Rethinking ethnicity
(2004) pp 54â"73 ISBN 9780415315425
King, Florence:
WASP, Where is Thy Sting?
(1977) Pyle, Ralph E.:
Persistence and Change in the Protestant Establishment
(1996) Salk, Susanna.
A Privileged Life: Celebrating WASP Style
(2007) Schrag, Peter.:
The Decline of the WASP
(NY: Simon and Schuster, 1970)
Useem, Michael.
The Inner Circle: Large Corporations and the Rise of Business Political Activity in the U.S. and U.K.
(1984) Share on Facebook Share on Twitter
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