Article: Assamese, a modern Standard Indo-Aryan language
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Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland
Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Eastern Bengali–Assamese Assamese alphabetAssamese Braille
Asam Sahitya Sabha (literature/rhetorical congress of Assam)
Kamrupi, Goalpariya
Assamese or Asamiya or Axomiya or Oxomiya (; , ) is an Eastern Indo-Aryan language used mainly in the state of Assam, where it is an official language. The easternmost of the Indo-Aryan languages, it is spoken by over 13 million native speakers, and serves as a lingua franca in the region. It is also spoken in parts of Arunachal Pradesh and other northeast Indian states. Nagamese, an Assamese-based Creole language is widely used in Nagaland and parts of Assam. Nefamese is an Assamese-based pidgin used in Arunachal Pradesh. Small pockets of Assamese speakers can be found in Bangladesh. In the past, it was the court language of the Ahom kingdom from the 17th century.
Along with other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Assamese evolved at least before 7th century A.D from the Magadhi Prakrit, which developed from dialects similar to, but in some ways more archaic than Vedic Sanskrit. Its sister languages include Bengali, Odia, Maithili, Chittagonian, Sylheti (Cilôţi), Angika and Bihari languages. It is written in the Assamese script, an abugida system, from left to right, with a large number of typographic ligatures.
The word Assamese is an English formation built on the same principle as Sinhalese or Japanese etc. It is based on the English word Assam by which the tract consisting of the Brahmaputra Valley and its adjoining areas are known. The people call their state and their language .
History
Assamese originated in Old Indo-Aryan dialects, though the exact nature of its origin and growth in not clear yet. It is generally believed that Assamese (Assam) and the Kamatapuri lects (North Bengal and Assam) derive from the Kamarupa dialect of Eastern Magadhi Prakrit and Apabhramsa, by keeping to the north of the Ganges; though some authors contest a close connection of Assamese with Magadhi Prakrit. The Indo-Aryan language in Kamarupa had differentiated by the 7th-century, before it did in Bengal or Orissa. These changes were likely due to non-Indo-Aryan speakers adopting the language. The evidence of this language is found in the Prakritisms of the Kamarupa inscriptions. The earliest forms of Assamese in literature are found in the ninth-century Buddhist verses called Charyapada (), and in 12-14th century works of Ramai Pundit (Sunya Puran), Boru Chandidas (Krishna Kirtan), Sukur Mamud (Gopichandrar Gan), Durllava Mullik (Gobindachandrar Git) and Bhavani Das (Mainamatir Gan). In these works, Assamese features coexist with features from other Modern Indian Languages.
A fully distinguished literary form (poetry) appeared first in the fourteenth century—in the courts of the Kamata kingdom and in the courts of an eastern Kachari king where Madhav Kandali translated the Ramayana into the Assamese (Saptakanda Ramayana). From the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, songs – Borgeets, dramas – Ankiya Naat and the first prose writings (by Bhattadeva) were composed. The literary language, based on the western dialects of Assam moved to the court of the Ahom kingdom in the seventeenth century, where it became the state language. This period saw the widespread development of prose infused with colloquial forms.
According to , this included "the colloquial prose of religious biographies, the archaic prose of magical charms, the conventional prose of utilitarian literature on medicine, astrology, arithmetic, dance and music, and above all the standardized prose of the Buranjis. The literary language, having become infused with the eastern idiom, became the standard literary form in the nineteenth century, when the British adopted it for state purposes. As the political and commercial center shifted to Guwahati after the mid-twentieth century, the literary form moved away from the eastern variety to take its current form.
Geographical distribution
Assamese is native to Assam Valley which includes Upper-Assam and Lower-Assam regions of the state of Assam. It is also spoken in states of Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.
There are are also significant Assamese-speaking communities in Australia, Dubai, UK, Canada and USA.
Official status
Assamese is the official language of Assam, and one of the 23 official languages recognised by the Republic of India. The Assam Secretariat functions in Assamese.
Phonology
The Assamese phonemic inventory consists of eight vowels, ten diphthongs, and twenty-one consonants.
+VowelsFrontCentralBackIPAROMScriptIPAROMScriptIPAROMScriptCloseiuNear-closeûClose-mideoOpen-midêôOpena +ConsonantsLabialAlveolarVelarGlottalIPAROMScriptIPAROMScriptIPAROMScriptIPAROMScriptNasalmnngStopvoicelessptkaspiratedphthkhvoicedbdgmurmuredbhdhghFricativevoicelesssxhvoicedzApproximantw, l, r Consonant clusters
Assamese or Asamiya consonant clusters include are thirty three pure consonant letters in Assamese alphabet and each letter represents a single sound with an inherent vowel, the short vowel /a /.
The first twenty-five consonants letters are called ‘sparxa barna’. These ‘sparxa barnas’ are again divided into five ‘bargs’. Therefore these twenty-five letters are also called ‘bargia barna’.
Alveolar stops
The Assamese phoneme inventory is unique in the Indic group of languages in its lack of a dental-retroflex distinction among the coronal stops. Historically, the dental and retroflex series merged into alveolar stops. This makes Assamese resemble non-Indic languages of Northeast India (such as languages from the Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan languages). The only other language to have fronted retroflex stops into alveolars is the closely related eastern dialects of Bengali (although a contrast with dental stops remains in those dialects). Note that is normally realized as or as a retroflex approximant.
Voiceless velar fricative
Assamese and Sylheti are unusual among Eastern Indo-Aryan languages for the presence of the (which, phonetically, varies between velar () and a uvular () pronunciations, depending on the speaker and speech register), historically the MIA sibilant has lenited to and (non-initially). The derivation of the velar fricative from the coronal sibilant is evident in the name of the language in Assamese; some Assamese prefer to write or instead of or to reflect the sound change. The voiceless velar fricative is absent in the West Goalpariya dialects though it is found in lesser extent in East Goalpariya and Kamrupi, otherwise used extensively further east. The change of to and then to ; all these have been attributed to Tibeto-Burman influence by Dr. Chatterjee.
Velar nasal
Assamese and Bengali, in contrast to other Indo-Aryan languages, use the velar nasal (the English ng in sing) extensively. In many languages, while the velar nasal is commonly restricted to preceding velar sounds, in Assamese it can occur intervocalically. This is another feature it shares with other languages of Northeast India, though in Assamese the velar nasal never occurs word-initially.
Vowel inventory
Eastern Indic languages like Assamese, Bengali, Sylheti, and Oriya do not have a vowel length distinction, but have a wide set of back rounded vowels. In the case of Assamese, there are four back rounded vowels that contrast phonemically, as demonstrated by the minimal set: কলা kôla ('deaf'), ক'লা kola ('black'), কোলা kûla ('lap'), and কুলা kula ('winnowing fan'). The near-close near-back rounded vowel is unique in this branch of the language family.
Writing system
Modern Assamese uses the Assamese script and historically Kamrupi script, a variant that traces its descent from the Gupta script. It very closely resembles the Mithilakshar script of the Maithili language, as well as to the Bengali script. There is a strong literary tradition from early times. Examples can be seen in edicts, land grants and copper plates of medieval kings. Assam had its own system of writing on the bark of the saanchi tree in which religious texts and chronicles were written. The present-day spellings in Assamese are not necessarily phonetic. Hemkosh, the second Assamese dictionary, introduced spellings based on Sanskrit, which are now the standard.
Morphology and grammar
The Assamese language has the following characteristic morphological features:
Gender and number are not grammatically marked.
There is lexical distinction of gender in the third person pronoun.
Transitive verbs are distinguished from intransitive.
The agentive case is overtly marked as distinct from the accusative.
Kinship nouns are inflected for personal pronominal possession.
Adverbs can be derived from the verb roots.
A passive construction may be employed idiomatically.
Negativization process
Verbs in Assamese are negativized by adding before the verb, with picking up the initial vowel of the verb. For example:
'do(es) not want' (1st, 2nd and 3rd persons)
'will not write' (1st person)
'will not nibble' (1st person)
'does not write' (3rd person)
'do not do' (2nd person)
Classifiers
Assamese has a huge collection of classifiers, which are used extensively for different kinds of objects, acquired from Sino-Tibetan languages. A few examples of the most extensive and elaborate use of classifiers given below:
"JƆn" is used to signify a person, male with some amount of respect
E.g., manuh-jƆn – “the man”
"zƆni" (female) is used after a noun or pronoun to indicate human beings
E.g., mahuh-jani – “the woman”
"zƆni" is also used to express the non-human feminine
E.g., sƆrai zƆni – “the bird”, PƆruwa-jƆni – “the ant”
"jƆnā" and "gƆɹaki" are used to express high respect for both man and woman
E.g., kabi-jƆnā – “the poet”, goxai-jƆnā – “the goddess”, rastrapati-gƆɹakī – “the president”, tirotā-gƆɹakī – “the woman”
"tu" has three forms: to, ta, ti
(a) tu: is used to specify something, although someone, e.g., lora-tu – “the particular boy” (impolite)
(b) ta: is used only after numerals, e.g., eta, duta, tinita – “one, two, three”
(c) ti: is the diminutive form, e.g., kesua-ti – “the infant, besides expressing more affection or attachment to
"kɔsa", "mɔtʰa" and "tāɹ" are used for things in bunches
E.g., sabi-kɔsa - “the bunch of key”, saul-mɔtʰa – “a handful of rice”, suli-tāɹi or suli kɔsa – “the bunch of hair”
dal, dali, are used after nouns to indicate something long but round and solid
E.g., bah-dal - “the bamboo”, Kath-dal – “the piece of wood”, bah-dali – “the piece of bamboo”
+Assamese Classifiers Classifier Referent males (adult) females (women as well as animals) males and females (honorific) inanimate objects or males of animals and men (impolite) inanimate objects or infants flat square or rectangular objects, big or small, long or short terrain like rivers and mountains small objects group of people, cattle; also for rain; cyclone breeze objects that are thin, flat, wide or narrow. flowers objects that are solid mass nouns bundles of objects smaller bundles of objects broomlike objects wick-like objects with earthen lamp or old style kerosene lamp used in Assam objects like trees and shrubs paper and leaf-like objects uncountable mass nouns and pronouns inanimate flexible/stiff or oblong objects; humans (pejorative)
In Assamese, classifiers are generally used in the numeral + classifier + noun (e.g. 'one man') or the noun + numeral + classifier (e.g. 'one man') forms.
Nominalization
Most verbs can be converted into nouns by the addition of the suffix . For example, ('to eat') can be converted to /kʰaɔn/ ('good eating').
Dialects Regional dialects
The language has quite a few regional variations. Banikanta Kakati identified two broad dialects which he named (1) Eastern and (2) Western dialects, of which the eastern dialect is homogeneous, and prevalent to the east of Guwahati, and the western dialect is heterogeneous. However, recent linguistic studies have identified four dialect groups listed below from east to west:
Eastern group in and around Sivasagar District, i.e., the regions of the former undivided Sivasagar district, areas of the present day Golaghat, Jorhat and Sivasagar
Central group in Nagaon, Sonitpur, Morigaon districts and adjoining areas
Kamrupi group primarily in the Kamrup region
Goalpariya group in the Goalpara region
Non-regional dialects
Assamese does not have caste- or occupation-based dialects. In the nineteenth century, the Eastern dialect became the standard dialect because it witnessed more literary activity and it was more uniform from east of Guwahati to Sadiya, whereas the western dialects were more heterogeneous. Since the nineteenth century, the center of literary activity (as well as of politics and commerce) has shifted to Guwahati; as a result, the standard dialect has evolved considerably away from the largely rural Eastern dialects and has become more urban and acquired western dialectal elements. Most literary activity takes place in this dialect, and is often called the likhito-bhaxa, though regional dialects are often used in novels and other creative works.
In addition to the regional variants, sub-regional, community-based dialects are also prevalent, namely:
Standard dialect influenced by surrounding centers.
Bhakatiya dialect highly polite, sattra-based dialect with a different set of nominals, pronominals and verbal forms, as well as a preference for euphemism; indirect and passive expressions. Some of these features are used in the standard dialect on very formal occasions.
The fisherman community has a dialect that is used in the central and eastern region.
The astrologer community of Darrang district has a dialect called thar that is coded and secretive. The ratikhowa and bhitarpanthiya secretive cult-based Vaisnava groups too have their own dialects.
The Muslim community have their own dialectal preference, with their own kinship, custom and religious terms, with those in east Assam having distinct phonetic features.
The urban adolescent and youth communities (for example, Guwahati) have exotic, hybrid and local slangs.
Ethnic speech communities that use Assamese as a second language, often use dialects that are influenced heavily by the pronunciation, intonation, stress, vocabulary and syntax of their respective first languages (Mising Eastern Assamese, Bodo Central Kamrupi, Rabha Eastern Goalpariya etc.). Two independent pidgins/creoles, associated with the Assamese language, are Nagamese (used by Naga groups) and Nefamese (used in Arunachal Pradesh).
Literature
There is a growing and strong body of literature in this language. The first characteristics of this language are seen in the Charyapadas composed in between the eighth and twelfth centuries. The first examples emerged in writings of court poets in the fourteenth century, the finest example of which is Madhav Kandali's Saptakanda Ramayana. The popular ballad in the form of Ojapali is also regarded as well-crafted. The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries saw a flourishing of Vaishnavite literature, leading up to the emergence of modern forms of literature in the late nineteenth century.
Sample text
The following is a sample text in Assamese of the Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
Assamese in Assamese alphabet
ধাৰা ১: সকলো মানুহে স্বাধীনভাৱে সমান মৰ্যদা আৰু অধিকাৰে জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰে । সিহঁতৰ বিবেক আৰু বুদ্ধি আছে আৰু সিহঁতে পৰস্পৰ ভাতৃত্বৰে আচৰণ কৰিব লাগে ।
Assamese in phonetic Romanization
Dhara ek: Xôkôlû manuhê swadhinbhawê xôman môrzôda aru ôdhikarê zônmôgrôhôn kôrê. Xihôtôr bibêk aru buddhi asê aru xuhôtê pôrôspôr bhatritwôrê asôrôn kôribô lagê.
Assamese in the International Phonetic Alphabet
d̪ʱara ek xɔkɔlʊ manuhɛ swadʱinbʱawɛ xɔman mɔɹzɔda aɹu ɔdʱikaɹɛ zɔnmɔgɹɔɦɔn kɔɹɛ. xihɔtɔɹ bibɛk aɹu buddʱi asɛ aɹu xihɔtɛ pɔɹɔspɔɹ bʱatɹitwɔɹɛ asɔɹɔn kɔɹibɔ lagɛ.
Gloss
Clause 1: All human free-manner-in equal dignity and right taken birth-take do. Their reason and intelligence exist; therefore everyone-indeed one another's towards brotherhood-ly attitude taken conduct do should.
Translation
Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience. Therefore, they should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
See also Indo-Aryan languages Charyapada Languages of India
Languages with official status in India
List of Indian languages by total speakers
List of languages by number of native speakers
Kamrupi litterateurs Notes References
The Evolution of the Assamese Script
A Study of the Folk Culture of the Goalpara Region of Assam
University Publication Department, Gauhati University
Linguistic Situation In North-East India Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi Non-Standard Forms of Assamese: Their Socio-cultural Role
The Ahom Political System: An Enquiry into the State Formation Process in Medieval Assam (1228-1714)
Assamese: Its Formation and Development
https://archive.org/details/AssameseitsFormationAndDevelopment
Issues in Morphological Analysis of North-East Indian Languages
http://www.languageinindia.com/july2005/morphologynortheast1.html https://books.google.com/books?id=Itp2twGR6tsC
Assamese Grammar and the Origin of Assamese Language
North-East India as a Linguistic Area
http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/moral1997north.pdf
Chapter Five: Aśokan Prakrit and Pāli
http://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA161
The Comprehensive History of Assam: Ancient Period
External links
Axamiyaa Bhaaxaar Moulik Bisar by Mr Devananda Bharali
Tonkori (Affinities of the Ainu language of Japan with Assamese and some other languages) by Dr Satyakam Phukan
Roots and Strings of the Assamese language, article by Dr Satyakam Phukan
Candrakānta abhidhāna : Asamiyi sabdara butpatti aru udaharanere Asamiya-Ingraji dui bhashara artha thaka abhidhana. second ed. Guwahati : Guwahati Bisbabidyalaya, 1962.
A Dictionary in Assamese and English (1867) First Assamese dictionary by Miles Bronson from (books.google.com)
Assamese computing resources at TDIL
Basic Assamese words and phrases
Assamese proverbs, published 1896 |
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Bengali phrasebook From Wikitravel Jump to navigation Jump to search Bengali phrasebook Contents 1 Grammar 1.1 Pronunciation guide 1.2 Vowels 1.3 Consonants 1.4 Aspirated consonants 1.5 Stress 1.6 Consonant Clusters 1.7 Word order 1.8 Nouns 1.9 Verbs 1.10 Vocabulary 1.11 Retroflex consonants 1.12 Aspirated retroflex consonants 2 Phrase list 2.1 Basics 2.2 Greeting 2.3 Meeting 2.4 Problems 2.5 Other Common Terms 2.6 Persons 2.7 Animals 2.8 Anatomy 2.9 Numbers 2.10
Writing time and date
2.11 Time 2.12 Clock time 2.13 Duration 2.14 Days 2.15 Months 2.15.1 Bengali calendar 2.16 Colors 2.17 Transportation 2.17.1 Bus and train 2.18 Others 2.19 Directions 2.20 Lodging 2.21 Money 2.22 Eating and drinking 2.22.1 Eating: 2.22.2 Drinking/Bars: 2.23 Shopping 2.24 Clothes 2.25 Driving 2.26 Writing system 2.27 Bangali dialects 2.28 South Bengal dialects 2.29 North Bengal dialects 2.30 Western Border dialects 2.31 Authority 2.32 Learning more Bengali or Bangla
is the native language of the ethno-cultural region of eastern
South Asia known as Bengal
. It is the sole official language of
Bangladesh
, and one of the 22 official "scheduled" languages of
India
. It is also the state official language of the Indian states of
West Bengal and Tripura
, and parts of
Assam
. With about 270 million native and over
310 million
total speakers, Bengali is one of the most widely spoken languages, ranked
sixth/seventh
in the world. The national songs of both India and Bangladesh were composed in the Bengali language by Nobel Laureate
Rabindranath Tagore .
It is the most commonly spoken language in the cities
Kolkata and Dhaka . Grammar [ edit ]
The following is a sample text in Bengali of the Article 1 of
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(by the United Nations):
ধারা ১: সমস্ত মানুষ স্বাধীনভাবে সমান মর্যাদা এবং অধিকার নিয়ে জন্মগ্রহণ করে। তাঁদের বিবেক এবং বুদ্ধি আছে; সুতরাং সকলেরই একে অপরের প্রতি ভ্রাতৃত্বসুলভ মনোভাব নিয়ে আচরণ করা উচিৎ।
— Bengali in Bengali script
Dhara êk: Shômosto mãnush shãdhinbhãbe shômãn môrjãdã ebong odhikãr nie jônmogrohon kôre. Tãder bibek ebong buddhi ãchhe; shutorãng shôkoleri êke ôporer proti bhrãttrittoshulôbh mônobhãb nie ãchorôn kôrã uchit.
— Bengali in Transcription, faithful to pronunciation.
Clause 1: All human free-manner-in equal dignity and right taken birth-take do. Their reason and intelligence is; therefore everyone-indeed one another's towards brotherhood-ly attitude taken conduct do should.
— Word to word gloss.
Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience. Therefore, they should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
— Translation. Pronunciation guide [ edit ]
The phonemic inventory of Bengali consists of 40 consonants and 11 vowels, which may be nasalized to change meaning. Vowel sounds can either be independent or hooked on to the consonant in the form of diacritics. Bengali vowels tend to be difficult to pronounce for a non-Bengali speaker.
Pronunciation of Bengali words varies from one location to another.
Vowels [ edit ]
The independent vowel is on the left, the diacritic (which is hooked on to the consonant) is on the right.
অ
Like "o" in "cot" /ɔ/.
আ া
Like "a" in "father" /a/.
এ ে
Like "e" in "bed" /e/.
ঐ ৈ
Like "oy" in "boy" /oi/.
ই ি
Like "e" in "legal" /i/.
ঈ ী
Like "ee" in "feed" /i:/.
উ ু
Like "u" in "rune" /u/.
ঊ ূ
Like "oo" in "tool" /u:/.
ঋ ৃ
Like "ree" in "free" /ri/.
ও ো
Like "o" in "local" /o/.
ঔ ৌ
Like "ow" in "bowl" /o:/.
Consonants [ edit ] ব
Like "b" in "boy" (b).
চ
Like "ch" in "cheat" (ç).
দ
Like "d" in "doubt" (d).
ফ
Like "f" in "frog" (f).
গ
Like "g" in "go" (g).
হ
Like "h" in "hit" (h).
জ
Like "j" in "juggle" (j).
ক
Like "k" in "skin" (k).
ল
Like "l" in "loud" (l).
ম
Like "m" in "man" (m).
ণ
Like "n" in "no" (n).
ঙ
Like "ng" in "king" (ng).
প
Like "p" in "spit" (p).
র
Like "r" in "run", but slightly trilled (r).
স
Like "s" in "so" (s).
ত
Like "t" in "talk" (t).
য
Like "y" in "yes" (y).
Aspirated consonants [ edit ]
Aspirated consonants are pronounced with a puff of air.
ভ
Like "b" in "blight" (b').
ছ
Like "ch" in "cheese" (ç').
ধ
Like "d" in "din" (d').
ঘ
Like "g" in "language" (g').
ঝ
Like "j" in "jam" (j').
খ
Like "k" in "kick" (k').
ফ
Like "p" in "pit" (p').
ঠ
Like "t" in "tin" (t').
Bengali is known for its wide variety of diphthongs, combinations of vowels occurring within the same syllable.
Stress [ edit ]
In standard jarif, stress is predominantly initial. Bengali words are virtually all trochaic; the primary stress falls on the initial syllable of the word, while secondary stress often falls on all odd-numbered syllables thereafter, giving strings such as shô-ho-jo-gi-ta "cooperation", where the
boldface
represents primary and secondary stress.
Consonant Clusters [ edit ]
Native Bengali (tôdbhôbo) words do not allow initial consonant clusters; the maximum syllabic structure is CVC (i.e. one vowel flanked by a consonant on each side). Many speakers of Bengali restrict their phonology to this pattern, even when using Sanskrit or English borrowings, such as গেরাম geram (CV.CVC) for গ্রাম gram (CCVC) "village" or ইস্কুল iskul (VC.CVC) for স্কুল skul (CCVC) "school".
Word order [ edit ]
Bengali nouns are not assigned gender, which leads to minimal changing of adjectives (inflection). However, nouns and pronouns are moderately declined (altered depending on their function in a sentence) into four cases while verbs are heavily conjugated, and the verbs do not change form depending on the gender of the nouns.As a head-final language, Bengali follows subject–object–verb word order, although variations to this theme are common. Bengali makes use of postpositions, as opposed to the prepositions used in English and other European languages. Determiners follow the noun, while numerals, adjectives, and possessors precede the noun.
Yes-no questions do not require any change to the basic word order; instead, the low (L) tone of the final syllable in the utterance is replaced with a falling (HL) tone. Additionally optional particles (e.g. কি -ki, না -na, etc.) are often encliticized onto the first or last word of a yes-no question.
Wh-questions are formed by fronting the wh-word to focus position, which is typically the first or second word in the utterance.
Nouns [ edit ]
Nouns and pronouns are inflected for case, including nominative, objective, genitive (possessive), and locative.[13] The case marking pattern for each noun being inflected depends on the noun's degree of animacy. When a definite article such as -টা -ţa (singular) or -গুলা -gula (plural) is added nouns are also inflected for number.
When counted, nouns take one of a small set of measure words. As in many East Asian languages (like Chinese, Japanese, Thai, etc.), nouns in Bengali cannot be counted by adding the numeral directly adjacent to the noun. The noun's measure word (MW) must be used between the numeral and the noun. Most nouns take the generic measure word -টা -ţa, though other measure words indicate semantic classes (e.g. -জন -jon for humans).
Measuring nouns in Bengali without their corresponding measure words (e.g. আট বিড়াল aţ biŗal instead of আটটা বিড়াল aţ-ţa biŗal "eight cats") would typically be considered ungrammatical. However, when the semantic class of the noun is understood from the measure word, the noun is often omitted and only the measure word is used, e.g. শুধু একজন থাকবে। Shudhu êk-jon thakbe. (lit. "Only one-MW will remain.") would be understood to mean "Only one person will remain.", given the semantic class implicit in -জন -jon.
In this sense, all nouns in Bengali, unlike most other Indo-European languages, are similar to mass nouns.
Verbs [ edit ]
Verbs divide into two classes: finite and non-finite. Non-finite verbs have no inflection for tense or person, while finite verbs are fully inflected for person (first, second, third), tense (present, past, future), aspect (simple, perfect, progressive), and honor (intimate, familiar, and formal), but not for number. Conditional, imperative, and other special inflections for mood can replace the tense and aspect suffixes. The number of inflections on many verb roots can total more than 200.
Inflectional suffixes in the morphology of Bengali vary from region to region, along with minor differences in syntax.
Bengali differs from most Indo-Aryan Languages in the zero copula, where the copula or connective be is often missing in the present tense. Thus "he is a teacher" is she shikkhôk, (literally "he teacher"). In this respect, Bengali is similar to Russian and Hungarian.
Vocabulary [ edit ]
Bengali is the most influenced one of all the South Asian languages. It has as many as 100,000 separate words, of which 50,000 are considered tôtshômo (direct reborrowings from Sanskrit and Prakrit), 21,100 are tôdbhôbo (native words with Sanskrit cognates), and the rest being bideshi (foreign borrowings) and deshi (Austroasiatic borrowings) words.
However, these figures do not take into account the fact that a large proportion of these words are archaic or highly technical, minimizing their actual usage. The productive vocabulary used in modern literray works, in fact, is made up mostly (67%) of tôdbhôbo words, while tôtshômo only make up 25% of the total. Deshi and Bideshi words together make up the remaining 8% of the vocabulary used in modern Bengali literature.
Due to centuries of contact with Europeans, Mughals, Arabs, Turks, Persians, Afghans, and East Asians, Bengali has incorporated many words from foreign languages. The most common borrowings from foreign languages come from three different kinds of contact. Close contact with neighboring peoples facilitated the borrowing of words from Hindi, Assamese and several indigenous Austroasiatic languages (like Santali) of Bengal. After centuries of invasions from Persia and the Middle East, numerous Persian, Arabic, Turkish, and Pashtun words were absorbed into Bengali. Portuguese, French, Dutch and English words were later additions during the colonial period.
Retroflex consonants [ edit ]
Retroflex consonants are pronounced with the tip of the tongue flapping against the roof of the mouth.
ড
Like "d" in "doubt" but retroflex (đ).
ড়
Like "r" in "run" but slightly trilled retroflex (ŗ).
ত
Like "t" in "talk" but retroflex (ţ).
Aspirated retroflex consonants [ edit ]
Aspirated retroflex consonants are pronounced with the tip of the tongue flapping against the roof of the mouth and a puff of air.
ঢ
Like "d" in "din" but retroflex (đ').
ঠ
Like "t" in "tin" but retroflex (ţ').
Phrase list [ edit ] Basics [ edit ] Common signs I Ami YOU Apni/Tumi YOUR Apnãr/Tomãr WE Amrã OUR Amãder HE Shê HIS Tãr/Or SHE Shê HER Tãr/Or> THEY Tãrã/Ora IT Etã THIS Etã THAT Shetã THESE Egulo THOSE Ogulo INSIDE Bhetore OUTSIDE Bãire RIGHT SIDE Dããn Dik LEFT SIDE Bãã Dik WHAT Kee WHO Ke WHERE Kothãy WHEN Kokhon HOW Ki bhãbe WHOM Kããke WHO's Kããr OPEN খোলা (kholã) CLOSED বন্ধ (bôndho) ENTRANCE দরজা (dôrjã) EXIT বাহির (bãhir) PUSH ঠেলা (thelã) PULL টানা (tãnã) TOILET
টয়লেট (toilet), পায়খানা (pãykhãnã)
MEN পুরুষ (purush) WOMEN মহিলা (mohilã) FORBIDDEN
নিষিদ্ধ (nishiddho), নিষেধ (nishedh)
Greeting [ edit ] Hello ! সালাম! (Sàlam!) Hello
আসসালামু আলাইকুম (Assalamu Alaikum) [Muslims to anyone / anyone to Muslims]
ওয়ালাইকুম আসসালাম (Walaikum Assalam) [reply of Assalamualaikum]
নমস্কার (Nômoshkar) [for Hindus]
How are you?
আদাব (adab) [Muslims to Hindus / Hindus to Muslims]
How are (you)?
(Apni) kêmon achhen? (formal)
(Tumi) kêmon achho? (informal)
Reply of "How are you?"
(আমি) ভালো আছি। (Ami) bhalo achhi. [I'm well.] / মোটামুটি। (muṭamuṭi) [So so] / আমি ভালো নেই। (ami bhalo nei) [I'm not well.]
Good morning.
সুপ্রভাত (shuprobhat) or, শুভ সকাল (shubho shokal) (formal)
Good noon
শুভ দুপুর (shubho dupur) / শুভ মধ্যাহ্ন (shubho modhyahno)
Good afternoon
শুভ বিকাল (shubho bikal) / শুভ মধ্যাহ্ন (shubho modhyahno) [modhyahno (moment) is before bikal]
Good evening.
শুভ সন্ধ্যা (subho shondhya)
Good night.
শুভ রাত্রি (shubho ratri) (formal)
Have a nice day.
দিনটি ভালো কাটুক। (dinṭi bhalo kaṭuk)
Meeting [ edit ]
What is your name?
Apnar nam ki? (formal)
Tomar nam ki? (informal)
Tor naam ki? (childish phrase)
My name is ______ .
Amar nam ______ .
Nice to meet you.
Apnar shathe porichôe hoe amar khub-i bhalo laglo. (formal)
Tomar shathe porichôe hoe amar khub-i bhalo laglo. (informal)
Tor shathe porichôe hoe amar khub-i bhalo laglo. (phased to a childhood friend/junior family member)
Please. Dôeakore. (formal)
Ektu. (lit. a little)
Thank you. Dhonnobad. (formal) You're welcome. Tomake shagoto janai Don't Mind
Kichhu mone korben na. (formal) (lit. please don't mind;)
Kichhu mone koro na. (informal) (lit. please don't mind;)
Yes. Ji. (formal) Agge He.(formal) Hê. (informal) No. Ji na. (formal) Agge Na.(formal) Na. (informal) Excuse me. ( getting attention ) Ei-je! (formal) Ei! (informal)
Bhai (when addressing a man)
Didi/Boudi (when addressing a lady)
Excuse me. (
to pass by someone
) Dekhi? I love you Ami tomake bhalobashi I like you
Ami tomake pochhondo kori
Amar tōmake bhalō legeche.
I'm (very) sorry. Ami (khub-i) dukkhito. Forgive me. Khôma korun. (formal) Khôma kôro. (informal) Maf korun. (formal) Maf kôro. (informal) Goodbye Nomoshkar (Hindu)
Khoda Hafez / Allah Hafiz (Muslim)
Aashi (informal) Problems [ edit ] Problem(s) Shômossha Thief Chor Pickpocket Poketmaar Dacoit Dakat Murderer Khooni Criminal Aporadhi Leave me alone.
amay eka chhere din/dao
Don't touch me! amay chhuyo naa. Look out! Shabdhan!
I'll call the police.
ami pulish daakbo. Police! pulish! pulish! That man has stolen my (jewellery).
Oi lokti amar (goyna)
churi korechhe .
I can't speak [
name of language ] (that well).
(Ami) [_____] (eto bhalo) bolte pari na.
Do you speak English?
Apni-ki Ingreji bolte paren? (formal)
Tumi-ki Ingreji bolte paro? (informal)
Is there someone here who speaks English?
Ekhane keu achhe, je Ingreji bolte paren?
I don't understand.
(Ami) bujhte parchhi na.
(Ami) bujhte parlam na.
(Ami) bujhlam na. (Ami) bujhini. (Ami) bujhinai. Help! Bachao! Shahajjo korun!
I need your help.
ami aapnar shahajjo chaayi.
I'm lost.
ami hariye gechhi/ raasta bhule gechhi.
I lost my bag.
amar bag hariye geche.
I lost my wallet.
amar parse hariye gechhe.
I'm sick.
amar shoreer bhalo lagchhe na. / amar bhalo lagchhe na.
I've been injured.
ami chot/betha peyechhi .
I need a doctor.
amar ekti daktar chaayi.
Can I use your phone?
apnar phone ta bebohar korte pari ?
Can you help me?
Apni ki amake shahajjo korte parben?
Where is the toilet?
Tôelet ta kothae?
bathroom ta kon dike?
Other Common Terms [ edit ] Persons [ edit ] Boy Chhele Girl Meye Gentleman Bhodrolok Lady Bhodromohila Father Baabaa Mother Maa Brother
Dada (elder)/ Bhai (young)
Sister
Didi (elder) / Bon (young)
Uncle Kaku/Kakababu; Mesho/Meshomoshai Aunt Kaki/Kakima; Mashi/Mashima
To call a stranger(male)
Just call Dada to youngers & Kaku/Meshomoshai to elderly ones.
To call a stranger(female)
Just call Didi to youngers & Kakima/Mashima to elderly ones.
Animals [ edit ] Dog Kukur Cow Goru Cat Biral Goat Chhagol Elephant Haati Bird Paakhi Snake Shaap Tiger Bagh Rhino Gondar Pig Shuor Anatomy [ edit ] Body Shorir Head Matha Hair Chool Forehead Kopal Eyes Chokh Nose Naak Ears Kaan Chin Gaal Lips Thoth Hand Haat Stomach Pet Back Peeth Leg Paa Knee Haatu Face Mukh Neck Gola Shoulder Kaandh Finger Aangul Chest Book Numbers [ edit ] 0 Shunno 1 Êk 2 Dui 3 Tin 4 Char 5 Pãch 6 Chhôe 7 Shat 8 At 9 Nôe 10 Dôsh 11 Êgaro 12 Baro 13 Têro 14 Chouddo 15 Pônero 16 Sholo 17 Shôtero 18 Atharo 19 Unish
20 Bish / Kuri
30 Trish 40 Chollish 50 Pônchash 60 Shat 70 Shottur 80 Ashi 90 Nobboi 100 Êk sho 200 Dui sho 300 Tin sho 400 Char sho 500 Pãch sho 1000 Êk hajar 10,000 Dôsh hajar 100,000 Êk lakh/lôkkho 10,00,000 Dôsh lakh/lôkkho 100,00,000 Êk kuti
Writing time and date
[ edit ] Time [ edit ] Time Shomôy Date Tarikh Day Din Night Raatri Morning Shokal Evening Shondha Dawn Bhor Dusk Bikal Clock time [ edit ] 9:45 Poune Dôsh ta 10:00 Dôsh ta 10:15 Sho-aa-Dôsh ta 10:30 Share Dôsh ta Duration [ edit ] 1 Minute Êk Minit 1 Hour Êk Ghonta 1 Day Êk Din 1 Week Êk Shoptaho 1 Month Êk Mash 1 Year Êk Bochhor/Botshor Days [ edit ] Today ãj-ke Yesterday goto-kãl(ke) Tomorrow ãgãmi kãl/ kãl-ke Monday Shombar Tuesday Monggolbar Wednesday Budhbar Thursday Brihoshpotibar Friday Shukrobar Saturday Shonibar Sunday Robibar Months [ edit ] Bengali calendar [ edit ] Choitra (March-April) Boishakh (April-May) Joishtho (May-June) Aashadh (June-July) Shrabon (July-August) Bhadro (August-September) Aashshin (September-October) Kaarttik (October-November) Agrohayon / Aghraan (November-December) Poush (December-January) Maagh (January-Februery) Phalgun (February-March) Colors [ edit ] Color rong Colorful rongeen black kalo white shada red lal pink golapi orange kômola yellow holud green shobuj blue neel purple beguni golden Shonali Deep/Dark garo Pale/Light halka Transportation [ edit ] Bus and train [ edit ]
How much is a ticket to _____ ?
_____ jaowar tiket koto taka'r?
One ticket to _____
_____ jaowar ekti tiket din .
Where does this train go?
Ei train'ti kothay jabe?
Does this train/bus stop in _____?
Ei train/bus 'ti ki _____ 'te daray?
When does the train/bus for _____ leave?
_____ 'jaowar train/bus kokhon chharbe?
When will this train/bus arrive in _____?
Ei train/bus _____ kokhon pouchhobe?
Others [ edit ]
How do I get to _____ ?
____ porjonto ki bhabe jabo?
Where can I find (some)____
(ektu/kichu) ... kothay pabo? (?)
____sites to see?
...dekhar/ghurar moto jaayga? (...)
Can you show me on the map?
amay/amake map'ta dekhate parben?
Can you tell me the way to _____?
amay/amake _____ 'er rasta bolte parben?
Road Raastaa Path/lane Goli Towards the _____ _____ 'er dike
Watch for the _____.
_____ dekho Intersection Chowraastaa Directions [ edit ] here ekhane/eikhane there okhane/oikhane (on/to the) right
dan (dike), or say daa-ye
(on/to the) left
bã (dike), or say baa-ye
(on/to the) north uttor (dike) (on/to the) south dokkhin (dike) (on/to the) east purbo (dike) (on/to the) west poshchim (dike) straight shoja in front shaamne behind pechhone/pichhone pechhon/pichhon dike Go (___). (___) jaan. (formal) (___) jaao. Turn around (___). (___) Ghurun. (formal) (___) Ghoro. Keep going (___).
(___) Jete thaakun. (formal)
(___) Jete thaako. Stop (___). (___) Thaammun. (formal) (___) Thaamo. Lodging [ edit ]
Do you have any rooms available?
Bharay ghar paowa jabe ki ? (...)
How much is a room for one person/two people?
Ek/Dui joner koto porbe ? (...)
Does the room come with...
Ghar'e ---- achhe ki? (...)
...bedsheets?
...bedsheets? (chaador acche ki?)
May I see the room first?
Age ghar'ta dekhe nite pari ki?
Do you have anything quieter?
Apnar kachhe kono shaanto/chupchaap jaayga achhe ki?
...bigger?
...bigger? (er cheye boro/ ektu boro)
...cleaner?
...cleaner? (er cheye porishkaar / ektu porishkaar)
...cheaper?
...cheaper? (er cheye shostaa /ektu shostaa)
OK, I'll take it.
OK, I'll take it. (Theek achhe eta-i nebo)
I will stay for _____ night(s).
I will stay for _____ night(s). (____raatri thakbo)
Can you suggest another hotel?
Can you suggest another hotel? (Onno kono hotel dekhiye din)
...lockers?
...lockers? (loker achhe ki?)
What time is breakfast/supper?
What time is breakfast/supper? (naasta/khabar-er shomoy ki?)
Please clean my room.
Please clean my room. (Ghar-ta porishkar kore deben.)
Can you wake me at _____?
Can you wake me at _____? (amay____tay deke dite parben ki?)
Money [ edit ] Taka : Poysha
Do you accept American/Australian/Canadian dollars?
American/australian/canadian dollar grohon/shikaar koren ki ?)
Do you accept British pounds?
British pound grohon/shikaar koren ki?
Do you accept credit cards?
Credit Kaard grohon/shikaar koren ki?
Can you change money for me?
Taka khuchra korte parben ki ?
Where can I get money changed?
Taka khuchra korte parbo kothay ?
Can you change a traveler's check for me?
traveler check poribortton korie deben ?
What is the exchange rate?
poribortton-er dar koto?
Where is an automatic teller machine (ATM)?
A.T.M.-ta kothāy/ kon jāygāy?
Eating and drinking [ edit ]
With an emphasis on fish, vegetables and lentils served with rice as a staple diet, Bengali cuisine is known for its subtle (yet sometimes fiery) flavours, and its huge spread of confectioneries and desserts. It also has the only traditionally developed multi-course tradition from the Indian subcontinent that is analogous in structure to the modern
service à la russe
style of French cuisine, with food served course-wise rather than all at once.
Eating: [ edit ]
A table for one person/two people, (please).
Êk/dui joner table chāyi/hobe/āchhe ki ?
Can I look at the menu, please?
Menu Card ta dekhte pāri ?
Can I look into the kitchen?
Rānnāghar tā dekhte pāri ?
Is there any local specialty?
Ekhānkār special khabar kichhu achhe ki?
I'm a vegetarian. Ami shākāhāri/nirāmish bhoji.
I don't eat pork.
Ami shuor khāi na.
I don't eat beef.
Ami goru khāi na.
Can you make it "lite", please? (less oil/butter/lard)
Kom tel-e dite pārben/deben?
breakfast nashtā lunch dupoorer khābār tea (meal) bikeler/bikāler khābār dinner raater khabar
I want a _____.
Amar ekti _____ chai.
I want a dish containing _____.
Amar _____ 'er khabar chai
lentils dāl (fresh) vegetables taja shobji (fresh) fruits taja phol bread paooruti,ruti,naan,parota Meal Khabar rice bhaat curry torkari egg deem meat: maangsho: beef: goru pork: shuor mutton: khanshi/Patha sweetmeats roshogolla, shandesh, roshmalai,
jilepi, amriti, laddu, kalakand,
pitha/pithe, payesh, doi, chamcham,
pantua/golapjam. samosa shingara spice(s) moshla chutney chatni/tok gravy jhal/jhol ghee (clarified butter) ghee poultry: _____: chicken: murgi duck: hash goose: _____ quail: _____ fish: mach: Hilsha: Ilish
May I have some _____?
Ami ektu _____ pabo ?
salt noon/lobon sweet, salty mishti, nonta green chile kancha lonka/morich red chile shukno lonka/morich butter makhon It was delicious. Khub bhalo
Please clear the plates.
table ta porishkar kore dao
The bill/check, please. bill/check niye esho. vegetables: shaak-shobji: potato: aloo cauliflower: phoolkopi cabbage: badhakopi gourd: laoo brinjal: begun carrot: gajor pumpkin: kumro onion: piyaj ginger: aada friuts: fol: mango: aam pineapple: anarôsh apple: apel watermelon: tormuj tomato: tomato banana: kola orange: komla lebu lemon: lebu Drinking/Bars: [ edit ] Drinking Paan kora
May I have a glass/cup/bottle of _____?
Amar jonno ekti glāsh/kāp/boṭol _____ ano
Juice Rosh/joos Milk Doodh Tea Cha Coffee Kofee Water
Jôl (More commonly used in India)
Pani (Bangladesh) Alcohol Mod soft drink
(attn- in S. Asia this means a sherbet drink, not cola!)
Shorbot Beer Biyar Shopping [ edit ] shop Dokan stall Ghumti Market Bajar/Haat Shopping Bãjãr
Do you have this in my size?
amar saiz'er achhe?
How much is this?
etar daam koto hobe ?
That's too expensive. Khub daami.
Would you take _____?
aapni ki _____ neben?
I can't afford it.
(...) ami nite parbo naa.
I don't want it.
(...) amar chaayi naa.
You're cheating me.
(...) tumi amay/amake tokachchho.
I'm not interested.
(..) amar kono ichchhe nei.
OK, I'll take it.
(...) achha ami eta nebo.
Can I have a bag?
(...) apni amay ekti bag deben?
Do you ship (overseas)?
(...) Bideshe parcel koren ki?
I need... amar ... chaayi ...soap. ... shaban
...pain reliever. (e.g., aspirin or ibuprofen)
bethar oshud/ pain killer
...cold medicine.
kashir oshud/ cough syrup
...stomach medicine. peter oshud ...a razor. razor ...an umbrella. chhātā ...a postcard. posṭ cārḍ ...postage stamp. ḍāk ticket/sṭamp ...batteries. battery ...writing paper. kāgoj ...a pen. kolom ...a pencil pencil ...an English-language book. Ingreji boi.
... an English-language magazine.
Ingreji patrika/magazine. ' ...an English-language newspaper. Ingreji khoborkagoj/newspaper. ...an English-Bengali dictionary. Ingreji-Bangla Shabdokosh/dikshinaary. Clothes [ edit ] clothe(s) kãpor
kãpor kãchã is Washing Clothes
Driving [ edit ]
I want to rent a car.
ami ekti gari bhara korte chaayi.
gas (petrol) station peṭrol pump. petrol peṭrol diesel ḍīzel
get out of the way
raasta theke shore daaran.
Note: Indian Traffic Signs are much like those in Europe. Words are written in English and sometimes the regional language.
Writing system [ edit ]
Bengali is written using the
Bengali alphabet
(Bengali: বাংলা হরফ Bangla hôrôf, Bengali: বাংলা লিপি Bangla lipi) and is the
6th most widely used writing system in the world
. The script with minor variations is shared by Assamese and is the basis for the other languages like Meitei and Bishnupriya Manipuri. All these languages are spoken in the eastern region of South Asia. Historically, the script has also been used to write the Sanskrit language in the region.
Bangali dialects [ edit ]
Bangali dialects include Eastern and Southeastern Bengali dialects: The Eastern dialects serve as the primary colloquial language of the Dhaka district. They do not have contrastive nasalized vowels or a distinction in approximant র /ɹ/ and flap ড়/ঢ় /ɽ/, pronouncing them all as র /ɹ/. This is also true of the Sylheti dialect, which has a lot in common with the Kamrupi dialect of Assam in particular, and is often considered a separate language. The Eastern dialects extend into Southeastern dialects, which include parts of Chittagong. The Chittagongian dialect has Tibeto-Burman influences.
Manikganj: Êk zoner duiđi saoal asilo. (P)
Mymensingh: Êk zôner dui put asil. (P)
Munshiganj (Bikrampur): Êk jôner duiđa pola asilo. (P)
Comilla: Êk bêđar dui put asil. (P)
Noakhali (Sandwip): Êk shôksher dui beţa asilo.
Noakhali (Feni): Êk zôner dui hola asil. (P)
Noakhali (Hatia): Êk zôn mainsher duga hola asil. (P)
Noakhali (Ramganj): Ek zôner dui hut asil. (P)
Barisal (Bakerganj): Êk zôn mansher dugga pola asil. (P)
Faridpur: Kero mansher duga pola asil. (P)
Sylhet: Ekh beṭar dui phut/phua asil/aslo. (M)
Chittagong: Egua mansher dua poa asil. (P)
South Bengal dialects [ edit ]
Chuadanga : Êk jon lokir duiţo chheile chhilo. (M)
Khulna: Êk zon manshir dui sôoal silo. (P)
Jessore: Êk zoner duţ sôl sêl. (P)
North Bengal dialects [ edit ]
This dialect is mainly spoken in the districts of North Bengal. These are the only dialects in Bangladesh that pronounce the letters চ, ছ, জ, and ঝ as affricates [tʃ], [tʃʰ], [dʒ], and [dʒʱ], respectively, and preserve the breathy-voiced stops in all parts of the word, much like Western dialects (including Standard Bengali). The dialects of Rangpur and Pabna do not have contrastive nasalized vowels.
Dinajpur: Êk manusher dui chhaoa chhilô (P)
Pabna: Kono mansher dui chhaoal chhilô. (P)
Bogra: Êk jhôner dui bêţa chhoil achhilô. (P)
East Malda: Êk jhôn manuser duţa bêţa achhlô. (P)
Rangpur: Êk zon mansher duikna bêţa asil. (P)
Western Border dialects [ edit ]
This dialect is spoken in the area which is known as Manbhum.
Manbhumi: Ek loker duţa beţa chhilô. (M)
Hajong: Ek zôn manôlôg duida pôla thakibar.
Chakma: Ek jônôtun diba poa el.
The later two, along with Kharia Thar and Mal Paharia, are closely related to Western Bengali dialects, but are typically classified as separate languages. Similarly, Rajbangsi and Hajong are considered separate languages, although they are very similar to North Bengali dialects. There are many more minor dialects as well, including those spoken in the bordering districts of Purnea and Singhbhum and among the tribals of the eastern Bangladesh like the Hajong and the Chakma.
Authority [ edit ] Learning more [ edit ]
Bengali language page on Wikibooks
Sylheti phrasebook Assamese phrasebook Oriya phrasebook Chittagonian phrasebook This phrasebook is an outline
and needs more content. It has an introduction and a
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