Article: United Kingdom(since 1707) Conservative Party Labour Party 1992 general election Kinnock Shadow Cabinet Smith Shadow Cabinet Beckett Shadow Cabinet Blair Shadow Cabinet John Smith (1992–94) 1997 general election
John Major, who formed the Major ministry, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom for 6½ years from 28 November 1990 to 2 May 1997. He was first appointed Prime Minister having succeeded Margaret Thatcher as leader of the Conservative Party. He then led the Conservatives to victory in the April 1992 general election, but failed to secure the 1997 general election, as the Conservatives suffered their worst general election result of the 20th century and their place in government was taken by Labour, led by Tony Blair, after 18 years and four successive parliamentary terms of Conservative government.
Formation
The resignation of Margaret Thatcher as Prime Minister came on 22 November 1990, more than 11 years after she had first been elected. She had won three consecutive general elections, been voted into power by more than 12,000,000 people, but had to step down because she couldn't count on the support of her own MPs. Former Cabinet Minister Michael Heseltine had challenged her leadership earlier in the November and although she fared better than him in the leadership contest, she was unable to gain an outright win and handed in her resignation, paving the way for a new Conservative leader more likely to win the next general election which was due within 18 months.
The announcement of the Community Charge (often referred to as the Poll Tax) during 1989 and the onset of a recession shortly before Thatcher's resignation had seen Tory support plunge in the opinion polls, most of which were showing a double-digit Labour lead and making it seem likely that Neil Kinnock would be the next Prime Minister.
Conservative MPs elected Chancellor of the Exchequer John Major as their new leader on 27 November 1990, and he was invited by the Queen to form a government the following day.
Fate
The change of leader from Margaret Thatcher to John Major saw a dramatic turnaround in Tory support, with the double-digit Labour lead in the opinion polls being replaced by a narrow Tory one by the turn of 1991. Although a general election did not have to be held until June 1992, Labour leader Neil Kinnock kept pressurising Major to hold an election during 1991, but Major resisted the calls and there was no general election that year.
The recession which began in the autumn of 1990 deepened during 1991, pushing unemployment from 1,600,000 to 2,400,000 by the end of the year. Despite this, Tory support in the opinion polls remained relatively strong, with any Labour lead now being by the narrowest of margins.
Major finally called an election for 9 April 1992. Most pollsters suggested a hung parliament or a narrow Labour majority, but in the event the election produced a Tory win. The Tories had their majority reduced to 21 (they had held a 102-seat majority at the election five years earlier) but attracted a record mandate of more than 14,000,000 votes.
The new term of parliament saw Major gain a new opponent in John Smith, who succeeded Neil Kinnock as Labour leader.
However, a series of events soon followed which made a fifth successive Tory election victory appear unlikely long before the next election was even on the political horizon.
The pound sterling crashed out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism after chancellor Norman Lamont had invested heavily in trying to keep it there, adjusting interest rates four times in one day as a desperate measure. This, which occurred on 16 September 1992 and became known as Black Wednesday, left the Tory government's reputation for economic excellence in tatters. Labour was soon ascendant in the opinion polls.
Tory feuding on Europe and the government defeat on the Maastricht Treaty further dented the government's popularity, as did a series of scandals involving MP's.
The end of the recession was declared in April 1993 after nearly three years, and unemployment – which had peaked at nearly 3,000,000 – quickly began to fall. It had fallen below 2,500,000 within two years of the recession's end, and by the end of 1996 it was below 2,000,000. Freed from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, the British economy outperformed the rest of the continent for the first time in a generation.
However, the strong economic recovery failed to make much difference to the dismal Tory showing in the opinion polls. Labour leader John Smith died of a heart attack in May 1994 and was succeeded by Tony Blair, who continued the modernisation process of the party which began under Smith's predecessor Neil Kinnock, and by the end of that year the opinion polls were showing Labour support as high as 60% – putting them more than 30 points ahead of the Tories.
The 21-seat Tory majority was gradually eroded by resignations as well as a string of by-election defeats, and by the turn of 1997 they were without a Commons majority.
John Major left it until the last possible moment before calling a general election, finally holding it on 1 May 1997. He pinned his hopes of election success on a six-week campaign exposing New Labour's policies to scrutiny, as well as pointing towards a booming economy and falling unemployment. However, as the Tories had denied responsibility for the recession at the turn of the decade, few voters were willing to give them credit for the economic recovery, and Labour returned to power after 18 years with a 179-seat majority that saw several leading Tory MP's (most notably Michael Portillo, widely tipped to be the next Tory leader) lose their seats and leave them without any MP's in Wales or Scotland.
Cabinets
These are the cabinets under Prime Minister John Major (from November 1990 to May 1997).
November 1990 to April 1992
John Major – Prime Minister, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service
Lord Mackay – Lord Chancellor
Norman Lamont – Chancellor of the Exchequer
Douglas Hurd – Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
Kenneth Baker – Secretary of State for the Home Department
John Gummer – Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
Tom King – Secretary of State for Defence
Kenneth Clarke – Secretary of State for Education & Science
Michael Howard – Secretary of State for Employment
John Wakeham – Secretary of State for Energy
Michael Heseltine – Secretary of State for the Environment
William Waldegrave – Secretary of State for Health
Peter Brooke – Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
John MacGregor – Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons
Lord Waddington – Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords
Chris Patten – Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Chairman of the Conservative Party
Tony Newton – Secretary of State for Social Security
Ian Lang – Secretary of State for Scotland
Peter Lilley – Secretary of State for Trade and Industry
Malcolm Rifkind – Secretary of State for Transport
David Mellor – Chief Secretary to the Treasury
David Hunt – Secretary of State for Wales
Also attending Cabinet:
Patrick Mayhew – Attorney General
Richard Ryder – Chief Whip
April 1992 to May 1993
John Major – Prime Minister, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service
Lord Mackay – Lord Chancellor
Norman Lamont – Chancellor of the Exchequer
Douglas Hurd – Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
Kenneth Clarke – Secretary of State for the Home Department
John Gummer – Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
Malcolm Rifkind – Secretary of State for Defence
John Patten – Secretary of State for Education
Gillian Shepherd – Secretary of State for Employment
David Mellor – Secretary of State for National Heritage
Michael Howard – Secretary of State for the Environment
Virginia Bottomley – Secretary of State for Health
Sir Patrick Mayhew – Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
Tony Newton – Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons
Lord Wakeham – Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords
William Waldegrave – Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Peter Lilley – Secretary of State for Social Security
Ian Lang – Secretary of State for Scotland
Michael Heseltine – Secretary of State for Trade and Industry
John MacGregor – Secretary of State for Transport
Michael Portillo – Chief Secretary to the Treasury
David Hunt – Secretary of State for Wales
Also attending Cabinet:
Sir Norman Fowler – Conservative Party Chairman
Richard Ryder – Chief Whip
Changes
September 1992 – Peter Brooke is appointed Secretary of State for National Heritage. David Mellor resigned.
May 1993 to July 1994
John Major – Prime Minister, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service
Lord Mackay – Lord Chancellor
Kenneth Clarke – Chancellor of the Exchequer
Douglas Hurd – Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
Michael Howard – Secretary of State for the Home Department
Gillian Shepherd – Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
Malcolm Rifkind – Secretary of State for Defence
John Patten – Secretary of State for Education
David Hunt – Secretary of State for Employment
Peter Brooke – Secretary of State for National Heritage
John Gummer – Secretary of State for the Environment
Virginia Bottomley – Secretary of State for Health
Sir Patrick Mayhew – Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
Tony Newton – Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons
Lord Wakeham – Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords
William Waldegrave – Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Peter Lilley – Secretary of State for Social Security
Ian Lang – Secretary of State for Scotland
Michael Heseltine – Secretary of State for Trade and Industry
John MacGregor – Secretary of State for Transport
Michael Portillo – Chief Secretary to the Treasury
John Redwood – Secretary of State for Wales
Also attending Cabinet:
Sir Norman Fowler – Chairman of the Conservative Party
Richard Ryder – Chief Whip
July 1994 to July 1995
John Major – Prime Minister, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service
Kenneth Clarke – Chancellor of the Exchequer
Douglas Hurd – Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
Michael Howard – Secretary of State for the Home Department
William Waldegrave – Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
Malcolm Rifkind – Secretary of State for Defence
Gillian Shepherd – Secretary of State for Education
Michael Portillo – Secretary of State for Employment
Stephen Dorrell – Secretary of State for National Heritage
John Gummer – Secretary of State for the Environment
Virginia Bottomley – Secretary of State for Health
Sir Patrick Mayhew – Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
Tony Newton – Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons
Viscount Cranborne – Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords
David Hunt – Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Peter Lilley – Secretary of State for Social Security
Ian Lang – Secretary of State for Scotland
Michael Heseltine – Secretary of State for Trade and Industry
Brian Mawhinney – Secretary of State for Transport
Jonathan Aitken – Chief Secretary to the Treasury
Lord Mackay – Lord Chancellor
John Redwood – Secretary of State for Wales
Jeremy Hanley – Minister without Portfolio and Conservative Party Chairman
Also attending Cabinet:
Richard Ryder – Chief Whip
July 1995 to May 1997
John Major – Prime Minister, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service
Michael Heseltine – Deputy Prime Minister
Kenneth Clarke – Chancellor of the Exchequer
Malcolm Rifkind – Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
Michael Howard – Secretary of State for the Home Department
Douglas Hogg – Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
Michael Portillo – Secretary of State for Defence
Gillian Shepherd – Secretary of State for Education and Employment
Virginia Bottomley – Secretary of State for National Heritage
John Gummer – Secretary of State for the Environment
Stephen Dorrell – Secretary of State for Health
Sir Patrick Mayhew – Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
Tony Newton – Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons
Viscount Cranborne – Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords
Roger Freeman – Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Peter Lilley – Secretary of State for Social Security
Michael Forsyth – Secretary of State for Scotland
Ian Lang – Secretary of State for Trade and Industry
Sir George Young – Secretary of State for Transport
William Waldegrave – Chief Secretary to the Treasury
Lord Mackay – Lord Chancellor
William Hague – Secretary of State for Wales
Brian Mawhinney – Minister without Portfolio and Conservative Party Chairman
Also attending Cabinet:
Alistair Goodlad – Chief Whip
List of Ministers
Members of the Cabinet are in bold face.
OfficeNameDatesNotesPrime MinisterFirst Lord of the TreasuryMinister for the Civil ServiceJohn Major28 November 1990 – 1 May 1997 Lord ChancellorThe Lord Mackay of Clashferncontinued in office Lord President of the CouncilJohn MacGregorcontinued in office Tony Newton10 April 1992 Lord Privy SealThe Lord Waddington28 November 1990 The Lord Wakeham11 April 1992 Viscount Cranborne20 July 1994 Chancellor of the ExchequerNorman Lamont28 November 1990 Kenneth Clarke27 May 1993 Chief Secretary to the TreasuryDavid Mellor28 November 1990 Michael Portillo10 April 1992 Jonathan Aitken20 July 1994 The Hon. William Waldegrave5 July 1995 Minister of State, TreasuryGillian Shephard28 November 1990 – 11 April 1992 Sir John Cope14 April 1992 – 20 July 1994also Paymaster-GeneralAnthony Nelson20 July 1994 – 6 July 1995 David Heathcoat-Amory20 July 1994 – 20 July 1996also Paymaster-GeneralParliamentary Secretary to the TreasuryRichard Ryder28 November 1990 Alastair Goodlad 5 July 1995 Financial Secretary to the TreasuryFrancis Maudecontinued in office Stephen Dorrell14 April 1992 Sir George Young, Bt20 July 1994 Michael Jack5 July 1995 Lords of the TreasurySydney Chapmancontinued in office – 14 April 1992 Greg Knightcontinued in office – 27 May 1993 Irvine Patnickcontinued in office – 20 July 1994 Nicholas Baker3 December 1990 – 20 July 1994 Tim Wood14 April 1992 – 5 July 1995 Tim Boswell14 April 1992 – 11 December 1992 Timothy Kirkhope11 December 1992 – 5 July 1995 Andrew MacKay27 May 1993 – 17 October 1995 Derek Conway20 July 1994 – 23 July 1996 Andrew Mitchell20 July 1994 – 5 July 1995 Bowen Wells5 July 1995 – 1 May 1997 Simon Burns5 July 1995 – 23 July 1996 David Willetts5 July 1995 – 28 November 1995 Michael Bates17 October 1995 – 11 December 1996 Liam Fox28 November 1995 – 23 July 1996 Patrick McLoughlin23 July 1996 – 1 May 1997 Roger Knapman23 July 1996 – 1 May 1997 Richard Ottaway23 July 1996 – 1 May 1997 Gyles Brandreth11 December 1996 – 1 May 1997 Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth AffairsDouglas Hurd 26 October 1989 Malcolm Rifkind5 July 1995 Minister of State for Foreign and Commonwealth AffairsLynda Chalkercontinued in office – 1 May 1997also Minister of Overseas Development; created Baroness Chalker of Wallasey 24 April 1992The Earl of Caithnesscontinued in office – 15 April 1992 Tristan Garel-Jonescontinued in office – 27 May 1993 The Hon. Douglas Hoggcontinued in office – 5 July 1995 Alastair Goodlad15 April 1992 – 5 July 1995 David Heathcoat-Amory27 May 1993 – 20 July 1994 David Davis20 July 1994 – 1 May 1997 Jeremy Hanley5 July 1995 – 1 May 1997 Sir Nicholas Bonsor, Bt5 July 1995 – 1 May 1997 Under-Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth AffairsThe Hon. Mark Lennox-Boydcontinued in office vacant20 July 1994 Liam Fox23 July 1996 Minister for Overseas DevelopmentLynda Chalker, Baroness Chalker of Wallasleycontinued in officealso Minister of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs; created Baroness Chalker of Wallasey 24 April 1992Secretary of State for the Home DepartmentKenneth Baker28 November 1990 Kenneth Clarke11 April 1992 Michael Howard27 May 1993 Minister of State for Home AffairsJohn Pattencontinued in office – 14 April 1992 The Earl Ferrerscontinued in office – 20 July 1994 Angela Rumboldcontinued in office – 14 April 1992 Michael Jack14 April 1992 – 27 May 1993 Peter Lloyd14 April 1992 – 20 July 1994 David Maclean27 May 1993 – 1 May 1997 Michael Forsyth20 July 1994 – 5 July 1995 The Baroness Blatch20 July 1994 – 1 May 1997 Ann Widdecombe5 July 1995 – 1 May 1997 Under-Secretary of State for Home AffairsPeter Lloydcontinued in office – 15 April 1992 Charles Wardle15 April 1992 – 20 July 1994 Nicholas Baker20 July 1994 – 17 October 1995 Timothy Kirkhope17 October 1995 – 1 May 1997 The Hon. Tom Sackville28 November 1995 – 1 May 1997 Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and FoodJohn Gummercontinued in office Gillian Shephard24 May 1993 The Hon. William Waldegrave20 July 1994 The Hon. Douglas Hogg5 July 1995 Minister of State for Agriculture, Fisheries and FoodThe Baroness Trumpingtoncontinued in office – 14 April 1992 David Curry14 April 1992 – 27 May 1993 Michael Jack27 May 1993 – 5 July 1995 Tony Baldry5 July 1995 – 1 May 1997 Under-Secretary of State for Agriculture, Fisheries and FoodDavid Currycontinued in office – 14 April 1992 David Macleancontinued in office – 14 April 1992 The Hon. Nicholas Soames14 April 1992 – 20 July 1994 The Earl Howe14 April 1992 – 5 July 1995 Angela Browning20 July 1994 – 1 May 1997 Tim Boswell5 July 1995 – 1 May 1997 Minister for the ArtsTim Renton28 November 1990Functions transferred on 11 April 1992 to Department of National HeritageSecretary of State for DefenceTom Kingcontinued in office Malcolm Rifkind15 April 1992 Michael Portillo5 July 1995 Minister of State for the Armed ForcesThe Hon. Archie Hamiltoncontinued in office Jeremy Hanley27 May 1993 The Hon. Nicholas Soames20 July 1994 Minister of State for Defence ProcurementAlan Clarkcontinued in office Jonathan Aitken14 April 1992 Roger Freeman20 July 1994 James Arbuthnot6 July 1995 Under-Secretary of State for DefenceKenneth Carlisle28 November 1990 – 15 April 1992 The Earl of Arran28 November 1990 – 15 April 1992 Viscount Cranborne22 April 1992 – 20 July 1994 The Lord Henley20 July 1994 – 6 July 1995 The Earl Howe6 July 1995 – 2 May 1997 Secretary of State for Education and ScienceKenneth Clarkecontinued in officeReorganised as Office of Education 10 April 1992Secretary of State for EducationJohn Patten10 April 1992 Gillian Shephard20 July 1994Secretary of State for Education and Employment after 5 July 1995Minister of State, Education and ScienceTimothy Eggarcontinued in office – 14 April 1992 Minister of State, EducationThe Baroness Blatch14 April 1992 – 20 July 1994 Eric Forth20 July 1994 – 2 May 1997Minister of State, Education and Employment after 5 July 1995Minister of State, Education and EmploymentThe Lord Henley6 July 1995 – 2 May 1997 Under-Secretary of State, Education and ScienceAlan Howarthcontinued in office – 14 April 1992 Michael Falloncontinued in office – 14 April 1992 Robert Atkins28 November 1990 – 14 April 1992Under-Secretary of State, SportUnder-Secretary of State, EducationEric Forth14 April 1992 – 20 July 1994 Nigel Forman14 April 1992 – 11 December 1992 Tim Boswell19 December 1992 – 6 July 1995 Robin Squire27 May 1993 – 2 May 1997Under-Secretary of State, Education and Employment after 5 July 1995Under-Secretary of State, Education and EmploymentJames Paice7 July 1995 – 2 May 1997 Cheryl Gillan6 July 1995 – 2 May 1997 Secretary of State for EmploymentMichael Howardcontinued in office Gillian Shephard12 April 1992 David Hunt27 May 1993 Michael Portillo20 July 1994Merged with the Office of Education 5 July 1995Minister of State, EmploymentMichael Forsyth14 April 1992 – 20 July 1994 Ann Widdecombe20 July 1995 – 5 July 1995 Under-Secretary of State, EmploymentRobert Jacksoncontinued in office – 14 April 1992 Eric Forthcontinued in office – 14 April 1992 The Viscount Ullswatercontinued in office – 16 September 1993 Patrick McLoughlin14 April 1992 – 27 May 1993 Ann Widdecombe27 May 1993 – 20 July 1994 The Lord Henley16 September 1993 – 20 July 1994 James Paice20 July 1994 – 5 July 1995 Phillip Oppenheim20 July 1994 – 5 July 1995 Secretary of State for EnergyJohn Wakehamcontinued in officeOffice abolished 11 April 1992Minister of State, EnergyTimothy Eggar15 April 1992 – 20 July 1994under Office of Trade and Industry; became Minister of State, Energy and Industry 20 July 1994Under-Secretary of State, EnergyThe Hon. Colin Moynihancontinued in office – 11 April 1992 David Heathcoat-Amory28 November 1990 – 11 April 1992 Secretary of State for the EnvironmentMichael Heseltine28 November 1990 Michael Howard11 April 1992 John Gummer27 May 1993 Minister of State for Local GovernmentMichael Portillocontinued in office John Redwood15 April 1992 David Curry27 May 1993 Minister of State for HousingSir George Young, Bt28 November 1990 The Viscount Ullswater20 July 1994Post renamed Minister of State for Construction 6 July 1995Minister of State for ConstructionRobert Jones6 July 1995 Minister of State for Environment and CountrysideDavid Trippier28 November 1990 David Maclean14 April 1992 Tim Yeo27 May 1993 Robert Atkins7 January 1994 The Earl Ferrers6 July 1995 Minister of State, EnvironmentThe Baroness Blatch21 May 1991 – 13 April 1992 Under-Secretary of State, EnvironmentThe Baroness Blatchcontinued in office – 21 May 1991 Robert Keycontinued in office – 15 April 1992 Tim Yeo28 November 1990 – 15 April 1992 Tony Baldry28 November 1990 – 20 July 1994 The Lord Strathclyde15 April 1992 – 16 September 1993 Robin Squire15 April 1992 – 27 May 1993 The Baroness Denton16 September 1993 – 11 January 1994 The Earl of Arran11 January 1994 – 20 July 1994 Sir Paul Beresford20 July 1994 – 2 May 1997 Robert Jones20 July 1994 – 6 July 1995 James Clappison6 July 1995 – 2 May 1997 Secretary of State for HealthThe Hon. William Waldegravecontinued in office Virginia Bottomley10 April 1992 Stephen Dorrell5 July 1995 Minister of State, HealthVirginia Bottomleycontinued in office Brian Mawhinney14 April 1992 Gerry Malone20 July 1994 Under-Secretary of State, Health and Social SecurityThe Baroness Hoopercontinued in office – 14 April 1992 Stephen Dorrellcontinued in office – 14 April 1992 The Hon. Tom Sackville14 April 1992 – 29 November 1995 The Baroness Cumberlege14 April 1992 – 2 May 1997Tim Yeo15 April 1992 – 27 May 1993 John Bowis27 May 1993 – 23 July 1996 John Horam29 November 1995 – 2 May 1997 Simon Burns23 July 1996 – 2 May 1997 Secretary of State for Social SecurityTony Newtoncontinued in office Peter Lilley10 April 1992 Minister of State, Social SecurityNicholas Scottcontinued in office – 20 July 1994 William Hague20 July 1994 – 5 July 1995 The Lord MacKay of Ardbrecknish20 July 1994 – 2 May 1997 Alistair Burt6 July 1995 – 2 May 1997 Under-Secretary of State, Social SecurityMichael Jack28 November 1990 – 14 April 1992 Ann Widdecombe30 November 1990 – 27 May 1993 Alistair Burt14 April 1992 – 6 July 1995 William Hague27 May 1993 – 20 July 1994 The Viscount Astor16 September 1993 – 20 July 1994 James Arbuthnot20 July 1994 – 6 July 1995 Roger Evans20 July 1994 – 2 May 1997 Andrew Mitchell6 July 1995 – 2 May 1997 Oliver Heald6 July 1995 – 2 May 1997 Chancellor of the Duchy of LancasterChris Patten28 November 1990 The Hon. William Waldegrave11 April 1992also Minister for the Public ServiceDavid Hunt20 July 1994also Minister for the Public ServiceRoger Freeman5 July 1995also Minister for the Public ServiceParliamentary Secretary for the Public ServiceRobert V. Jackson15 April 1992 David Davis27 May 1993 Robert Hughes20 July 1994 John Horam6 March 1995 David Willetts28 November 1995 vacant20 July 1996 Michael Bates16 December 1996 Secretary of State for National HeritageDavid Mellor11 April 1992 Peter Brooke25 September 1992 Stephen Dorrell20 July 1994 Virginia Bottomley5 July 1995 Minister of State, National HeritageIain Sproat6 July 1995 Under-Secretary of State, National HeritageRobert Key14 April 1992 – 27 May 1993 Iain Sproat27 May 1993 – 6 July 1995 The Viscount Astor20 July 1994 – 6 July 1995 The Lord Inglewood6 July 1995 – 2 May 1997 Secretary of State for Northern IrelandPeter Brookecontinued in office Sir Patrick Mayhew10 April 1992 Minister of State, Northern IrelandBrian Mawhinney28 November 1990 – 14 April 1992 The Lord Belstead28 November 1990 – 14 April 1992also Paymaster-GeneralRobert Atkins14 April 1992 – 11 January 1994 Michael Mates15 April 1992 – 24 June 1993 Sir John Wheeler25 June 1993 – 2 May 1997 Michael Ancram(The Marquess of Lothian)11 January 1994 – 2 May 1997 Under-Secretary of State, Northern IrelandRichard Needham(The Earl of Kilmorey)continued in office – 15 April 1992 Jeremy Hanley3 December 1990 – 27 May 1993 The Earl of Arran22 April 1992 – 11 January 1994 Michael Ancram(The Marquess of Lothian)27 May 1993 – 5 January 1994 The Baroness Denton20 July 1994 – 2 May 1997 Tim Smith6 January 1994 – 20 October 1994 Malcolm Moss25 October 1994 – 2 May 1997 Paymaster-GeneralThe Lord Belstead28 November 1990also Minister of State, Northern IrelandSir John Cope14 April 1992also Minister of State, TreasuryDavid Heathcoat-Amory20 July 1994also Minister of State, TreasuryDavid Willetts20 July 1996 Michael Bates16 December 1996 Minister without PortfolioJeremy Hanley20 July 1994 – 5 July 1995 Brian Mawhinney5 July 1995 – 2 May 1997 Secretary of State for ScotlandIan Lang28 November 1990 Michael Forsyth5 July 1995 Minister of State for ScotlandMichael Forsythcontinued in office – 14 April 1992 The Lord Fraser of Carmyllie14 April 1992 – 6 July 1995 The Lord James Douglas-Hamilton6 July 1995 – 2 May 1997 Under-Secretary of State for ScotlandThe Lord James Douglas-Hamiltoncontinued in office – 6 July 1995 The Lord Strathclydecontinued in office – 14 April 1992 Allan Stewart28 November 1990 – 8 February 1995 Sir Hector Monro14 April 1992 – 6 July 1995 George Kynoch8 February 1995 – 2 May 1997 The Earl of Lindsay6 July 1995 – 2 May 1997 Raymond Robertson6 July 1995 – 2 May 1997 Minister for Consumer AffairsThe Earl Ferrers20 July 1994Under Office of Trade and Industry; office abolished 6 July 1995Minister for TradeTim Sainsburycontinued in office Richard Needham(The Earl of Kilmorey)14 April 1992 Anthony Nelson6 July 1995 Secretary of State for Trade and IndustryPeter Lilleycontinued in office Michael Heseltine10 April 1992 Ian Lang5 July 1995 Minister for IndustryThe Lord Heskethcontinued in office vacant21 May 1991 Tim Sainsbury15 April 1992 vacant20 July 1994 Minister for Corporate AffairsJohn Redwoodcontinued in office – 13 April 1992 Minister of State for Trade and IndustryThe Lord Strathclyde11 January 1994 – 20 July 1994 The Lord Fraser of Carmyllie6 July 1995 – 2 May 1997 Minister of State, Energy and IndustryTimothy Eggar20 July 1994 Greg Knight23 July 1996 Under-Secretary of State for Trade and IndustryEdward Leighcontinued in office – 27 May 1993 The Lord Reay22 May 1991 – 14 April 1992 Neil Hamilton14 April 1992 – 25 October 1994 The Baroness Denton14 April 1992 – 16 September 1993 Jonathan Evans27 October 1994 – 29 November 1995 Patrick McLoughlin27 May 1993 – 20 July 1994 The Lord Strathclyde16 September 1993 – 11 January 1994 Charles Wardle20 July 1994 – 11 February 1995 Ian Taylor20 July 1994 – 2 May 1997 Richard Page14 February 1995 – 2 May 1997 Phillip Oppenheim7 July 1995 – 2 May 1997 John Mark Taylor29 November 1995 – 2 May 1997 Secretary of State for TransportMalcolm Rifkind28 November 1990 John MacGregor10 April 1992 Brian Mawhinney20 July 1994 Sir George Young, Bt5 July 1995 Minister of State, TransportThe Lord Brabazon of Taracontinued in office – 14 April 1992 Minister for Public TransportRoger Freeman28 November 1990 – 20 July 1994 Minister for Railways and RoadsThe Earl of Caithness14 April 1992 – 11 January 1994 John Watts20 July 1994 – 2 May 1997 Under-Secretary of State for TransportPatrick McLoughlincontinued in office – 14 April 1992 Christopher Chopecontinued in office – 14 April 1992 Kenneth Carlisle14 April 1992 – 27 May 1993 Steven Norris14 April 1992 – 23 July 1996 Robert Key27 May 1993 – 20 July 1994 The Lord MacKay of Ardbrecknish11 January 1994 – 20 July 1994 The Viscount Goschen20 July 1994 – 2 May 1997 John Bowis23 July 1996 – 2 May 1997 Secretary of State for WalesDavid Huntcontinued in office John Redwood27 May 1993 William Hague5 July 1995 Minister of State for WalesWyn Robertscontinued in office – 20 July 1994 Under-Secretary of State for WalesNicholas Bennett3 December 1990 – 14 April 1994 Gwilym Jones14 April 1992 – 2 May 1997 Rod Richards20 July 1994 – 2 June 1996 Jonathan Evans2 June 1996 – 2 May 1997 Attorney GeneralSir Patrick Mayhewcontinued in office Sir Nicholas Lyell9 April 1992 Solicitor GeneralSir Nicholas Lyellcontinued in office Sir Derek Spencer15 April 1992 Lord AdvocateThe Lord Fraser of Carmylliecontinued in office The Lord Rodger of Earlsferry15 April 1992 The Lord Mackay of Drumadoon7 November 1995 Solicitor General for ScotlandAlan Rodgercontinued in officeNot an MPThomas Dawson15 April 1992Not an MPDonald Mackay4 May 1995Not an MPPaul Cullen7 November 1995Not an MPTreasurer of the HouseholdAlastair Goodladcontinued in office David Heathcoat-Amory15 April 1992 Greg Knight7 June 1993 Andrew MacKay23 July 1996 Comptroller of the HouseholdDavid Lightbown28 November 1990 Timothy Wood7 July 1995 Vice-Chamberlain of the HouseholdJohn Mark Taylor28 November 1990 Sydney Chapman15 April 1992 Timothy Kirkhope7 July 1995 Andrew MacKay18 October 1995 Derek Conway23 July 1996 Captain of the Gentlemen-at-ArmsThe Lord Denhamcontinued in office The Lord Hesketh2 May 1991 The Viscount Ullswater16 September 1993 The Lord Strathclyde20 July 1994 Captain of the Yeomen of the GuardThe Viscount Davidsoncontinued in office The Earl of Strathmore30 December 1991 The Earl of Arran20 July 1994 The Lord InglewoodJanuary 1995 The Lord Chesham8 July 1995 Lords-in-WaitingThe Lord Reaycontinued in office – 21 May 1991 The Earl of Strathmorecontinued in office – 30 December 1991 The Baroness Blatchcontinued in office – 7 September 1990 The Lord Cavendish of Furnesscontinued in office – 22 April 1993 The Viscount Astorcontinued in office – 16 September 1993 The Earl Howe30 May 1991 – 15 April 1992 The Baroness DentonJanuary 1992 – 15 April 1992 The Viscount St Davids22 April 1992 – 20 July 1994 The Viscount Goschen22 April 1992 – 20 July 1994 The Baroness Trumpington22 April 1992 – 2 May 1997 The Lord MacKay of Ardbrecknish15 October 1993 – 11 January 1994 The Lord Annaly18 March 1994 – 20 July 1994 The Lord Lucas of Crudwell21 July 1994 – 2 May 1997 The Baroness Miller of Hendon21 July 1994 – 2 May 1997 The Lord Inglewood21 July 1994 – January 1995 The Earl of Lindsay12 January 1995 – 6 July 1995 The Earl of Courtown8 July 1995 – 2 May 1997
References Further reading
Twentieth Century British Political Facts 1900–2000
External links
British Cabinet and Government Membership http://www.psr.keele.ac.uk/table/york/Index.html
http://www.palgrave.com/PDFs/1403903735.Pdf
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British Devolution and European Policy-Making
Transforming Britain into Multi-Level Governance
Book © 2002 Overview Authors: Simon Bulmer 0 , Martin Burch 1 , Caitríona Carter 2 , Patricia Hogwood 3 , … Andrew Scott 4 Show authors Simon Bulmer
University of Manchester, UK
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University of Manchester, UK
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Edinburgh Law School, University of Edinburgh, UK
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University of Glasgow, UK
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Edinburgh Law School, University of Edinburgh, UK
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Table of contents (7 chapters)
Front Matter Pages i-xxv Download chapter PDF
Introduction: Labour, Constitutional Change and European Policy
Simon Bulmer, Martin Burch, Caitríona Carter, Patricia Hogwood, Andrew Scott
Pages 1-14
Adapting to Europe: the Pre-Devolution Story
Simon Bulmer, Martin Burch, Caitríona Carter, Patricia Hogwood, Andrew Scott
Pages 15-32
European Business and the Executives
Simon Bulmer, Martin Burch, Caitríona Carter, Patricia Hogwood, Andrew Scott
Pages 33-70
European Business and the Assemblies
Simon Bulmer, Martin Burch, Caitríona Carter, Patricia Hogwood, Andrew Scott
Pages 71-106
The Post-Devolution Governance of Rural and Environmental Affairs: Early Impressions
Simon Bulmer, Martin Burch, Caitríona Carter, Patricia Hogwood, Andrew Scott
Pages 107-133
Relations between the Devolved Administrations and the European Union
Simon Bulmer, Martin Burch, Caitríona Carter, Patricia Hogwood, Andrew Scott
Pages 134-157 Conclusion
Simon Bulmer, Martin Burch, Caitríona Carter, Patricia Hogwood, Andrew Scott
Pages 158-175 Back Matter Pages 176-222 Download chapter PDF Back to top Keywords constitution Europe European policy European Union (EU) executive Governance government Institution parliament Policy British Politics About this book
In 1999 the Blair government introduced British devolution as part of a major programme of constitutional reform. This development posed major questions concerning how relations with the European Union would be affected. Previously, policymaking in the UK had been centralized on Whitehall and Westminster. However, devolution to Scotland and Wales introduced new actors; the Scottish Executive and Parliament, and the National Assembly for Wales. This study explores the institutional changes designed to accommodate these devolved authorities, whilst maintaining a central role for the UK government.
Authors and Affiliations
University of Manchester, UK
Simon Bulmer, Martin Burch
Edinburgh Law School, University of Edinburgh, UK
Caitríona Carter, Andrew Scott
University of Glasgow, UK
Patricia Hogwood About the authors
SIMON BULMER is Jean Monnet Professor of European Politics in the Department of Government at the University of Manchester. His principal research interests are in European Union governance and EU-member state relations. His most recent book is
Germany's European Diplomacy: Shaping the Regional Milieu
.
MARTIN BURCH is Professor in the Department of Government at the University of Manchester. He has published extensively in the areas of policy studies and British politics and is co-author, with Ian Holliday, of an institutional analysis of the UK core executive,
The British Cabinet System
.
CAITRÍONA CARTER is Lecturer in the Edinburgh Law School, University of Edinburgh. She is a member of the Europa Institute and author of work published in the areas of EU social policy and the role of national and sub-member State parliaments in the EU multi-level governance system. Her current research activities are to assess the impact of UK devolution on UK-EU governance arrangements across a number of public policy areas.
PATRICIA HOGWOOD is Lecturer in the Department of Politics at the University of Glasgow. She is co-author, with Geoffrey Roberts, of
European Politics Today
. She has recently published on coalition theory and practice and on aspects of German political identity and is currently writing a book on the consolidation of German unification.
ANDREW SCOTT is Professor in the Edinburgh Law School, University of Edinburgh.He has published extensively in economic and governance aspects of European integration. His current research interests include the impact of devolution on UK European policy-making; UK economic policy under devolved governance; and EU regional policies.
Bibliographic Information Book Title :
British Devolution and European Policy-Making
Book Subtitle :
Transforming Britain into Multi-Level Governance
Authors :
Simon Bulmer, Martin Burch, Caitríona Carter, Patricia Hogwood, Andrew Scott
Series Title : Transforming Government DOI : https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403918468 Publisher : Palgrave Macmillan London eBook Packages :
Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies Collection
,
Political Science and International Studies (R0)
Copyright Information :
Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited 2002
Hardcover ISBN : 978-1-4039-0010-4
Published: 26 November 2002
Softcover ISBN : 978-1-349-50719-1
Published: 01 January 2002
eBook ISBN : 978-1-4039-1846-8
Published: 26 November 2002
Series ISSN : 2946-9309 Series E-ISSN : 2946-9317 Edition Number : 1 Number of Pages : XXV, 222 Topics : British Politics , Political Science , International Relations Publish with us Policies and ethics Back to top Access this book
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