Earwig's Copyvio Detector

Salih MuslimAsya Abdullah 2003

Democratic socialism,Libertarian socialism,Feminism,Eco-socialism,Social ecology,Democratic Confederalism,Communalism

National Coordination Committee for Democratic ChangeKurdish Supreme Committee

Koma Civakên KurdistanSocialist International

People's Council

The Democratic Union Party (, PYD; , Ḥizb Al-Ittiḥad Al-Dimuqraṭiy) is a Kurdish political party established in 2003 by Kurdish activists in northern Syria. It is a founder member of the National Coordination Body for Democratic Change, it is described by the Carnegie Middle East Center as "one of the most important Kurdish opposition parties in Syria". It is the leading political party in the Federation of Northern Syria - Rojava and its cantons. Chemical engineer Saleh Muslim became its chairman in 2010, and Asiyah Abdullah its co-chairwoman in June 2012.

Ideology

On its website, the PYD describes itself as believing in "social equality, justice and the freedom of belief" as well as "pluralism and the freedom of political parties". It describes itself as "striving for a democratic solution that includes the recognition of cultural, national and political rights, and develops and enhances their peaceful struggle to be able to govern themselves in a multicultural, democratic society."

It has been claimed that the PYD is affiliated with the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). Both parties are member organisations of the Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK). The Democratic Union Party considers jailed PKK and KCK founder Abdullah Öcalan as its ideological leader and Democratic Confederalism its ideology. It incorporates into the United Kurdish Community in Western Kurdistan (KCK – Rojava) with its own organisational identity.

Like the KCK umbrella in general, and even more so, the PYD is critical of any form of nationalism, including Kurdish nationalism. They stand in stark contrast to Kurdish nationalist visions of the Kurdish National Council.

Relationship with Turkey

Despite its current apparent strength in Syria, the group's leader, Salih Muslim, claims that the group desires Kurdish autonomy within a new democratic Syria rather than Kurdish independence. Because of the party's links with the PKK, the PYD has poor relations with Turkey, which views the PYD as merely a Syrian branch of the PKK. The Turkish government's relationship with the Kurds has deteriorated since the Siege of Kobanî, a number of attacks in Turkey were blamed on the PKK and Kurdish strongholds were bombed in response, prompting the PKK to announce the end of the negotiated ceasefire. Turkish President Erdogan has threatened that he would not allow the creation of a Kurdish structure which has close relationships with PKK in Syria. Erdogan also views the recent territorial gains by the PYD as being the result of a deliberate transfer from Assad to the PYD.

The PYD were apparently not invited to a meeting between the Turkish Foreign Minister, the Syrian National Council, and the Kurdish National Council to discuss the future of Syria. This has led some to suggest that the Turkish government is trying to encourage the marginalization of the PYD in the Kurdish opposition due to the group's links with the PKK. Muslim held talks with Turkish officials in July 2013 in regards to seeking autonomy within Syria. According to some sources, Turkey's demands included that the PYD not seek autonomy through violence, not harm Turkish border security and be firmly opposed to the Syrian government.

History

Origins and foundation (2003 and prior)

While the Syrian Ba'ath government had always been oppressive towards its own Kurdish minority, former president Hafiz al-Assad supported Kurdish factions in neighboring Iraq and Turkey in order to exert pressure on regional rivals.

In 1975, Assad offered the Iraqi Kurdish leader Jalal Talabani a safe haven in Damascus to found his new Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK). From the 1980s, Assad also supported the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) against his regional rival Turkey, when he bowed to pressure from Ankara and sought improved political and economic relations.

This only changed in the late 1990s when Turkey became serious about threatening Syria with war. After 19 years in Syria, PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan had to flee on October 9, 1998, only to be captured by Turkish agents several months later. Subsequently a mutual security pact between Turkey and Syria was concluded on 20 October in the Turkish city of Adana. The Syrian government listed the PKK as a "terrorist organisation", withdrew all support for it, and agreed to strategically cooperate with Turkey against it. The PKK soon was forced to largely abandon its former bases in Syria in the face of this. Some sources say that against this backdrop, the PYD was secretly founded in 2003 by PKK and according to the Carnegie Middle East Center the PYD suffered years of violent repression at the hands of the Syrian regime.

Underground activism and state repression (2004–2010)

Though Syrian security forces had already for several years been targeting PKK members who stayed in Syria, the PYD came under intensified persecution in the aftermath of the March 2004 Kurdish uprising across northern Syria. According to Human Rights Watch, the Syrian government saw the party as a particular threat due to its "ability to mobilise large crowds", and suspected it of organising numerous demonstrations. Therefore, many PYD activists imprisoned in the aftermath of the uprising were not given the amnesty that Bashar al-Assad granted other Kurdish detainees as a later goodwill gesture.

On 2 November 2007, PYD activists organised large demonstrations in Qamishli and Ayn al-Arab (), drawing hundreds of Kurds to protest against recent Turkish threats—supported by Assad—to invade Kurdish areas in northern Iraq where the PKK was based. Security forces—including a unit imported from Damascus—fired teargas in an effort to disperse the crowds. When some protesters reportedly began to resist by throwing stones, the police opened fire with live ammunition, killing one and injuring at least two more. Dozens of Kurds (among them women and children) were detained in the ensuing police crackdown. Most were soon released, but 15 activists—3 of them party officials—remained imprisoned and were sent before a military court on various charges.

From 2006 to 14 April 2009, at least two dozen PYD activists were formally tried before a special security court, some receiving sentences from five to seven years on charges of membership in a "secret organisation" and seeking "to cut off part of Syrian land to join it to another country". Many others were detained, often in severe conditions and without basic legal rights—some of those released reported being kept in extended solitary confinement and even being subjected to physical and mental torture. Syrian security forces also often continued to harass activists and their families even following their release. While similar methods were employed against many Kurdish prisoners and activists in Syria, Human Rights Watch has noted that security forces tended to reserve their harshest treatments for PYD members.

Conflict in Syria and Kurdish self-rule (2011–present)

Stance in early stages of the conflict (March 2011–July 2012)

With the outbreak of antigovernment demonstrations across Syria in early 2011, the PYD joined the Kurdish Patriotic Movement in May, and was a founding member of the National Coordination Body for Democratic Change in July and of the KCK-aligned People's Council of Western Kurdistan in December. Unlike most other Kurdish Syrian parties, it did not join the Kurdish National Council (KNC) when it was formed in October 2011, because of tensions between pro-KNC Iraqi Kurdistan Regional Government leader Massoud Barzani's Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the PKK. The PYD has been accused by opposition elements of responsibility for the October 2011 assassination of KNC leader Mashaal Tammo, while the PYD has maintained that Turkey was responsible. Although critical of the Syrian government, the PYD also criticised the Syrian opposition, including the Syrian National Council (SNC), which it accused of acting in Turkey's interests. The SNC's unwillingness to support Kurdish autonomy led all but one of its Kurdish parties to leave by February 2012. Over 640 prisoners related to PYD were released by the Syrian security apparatus in 2011, most of which returned to the North.

Assertion of control in Rojava (July 2012–July 2013)

In mid-2012 the People's Council of Western Kurdistan signed an agreement with the Kurdish National Council, forming a joint Kurdish Supreme Council (Kurdish Supreme Committee) and agreeing to cooperate on security for Kurdish areas, forming People's Protection Units (YPG). This followed an "operational decision made by the Assad regime in mid-July 2012 to withdraw the majority of its forces from Syria’s Kurdish areas" (leaving a strong presence only in Qamishli and Al-Hasakah), prompted by a major opposition offensive against the capital Damascus. According to the Carnegie Middle East Center, "Despite these agreements, the Kurdish National Council has accused the PYD of attacking Kurdish demonstrators, kidnapping members of other Kurdish opposition parties, and setting up armed checkpoints along the border with Turkey." In mid-2012 Reuters cited unconfirmed reports that the towns of Amuda, Derik, Kobani and Afrin were under PYD control. Abdelbasset Seida, head of the opposition Syrian National Council claimed in July 2012 after a meeting with Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu that the Syrian Army had handed over control of certain parts of northeastern Syria to the PYD. The PYD's alleged control over certain areas was said to have led to disputes and clashes between the PYD, the KNC, and the Syrian National Council.

The PYD soon became the dominant force in the Kurdish opposition, with its members running checkpoints on major roads and entrances to Kurdish cities. Under the agreement, cities that fall under the control of Syrian Kurdish forces will be ruled jointly by the PYD and the KNC until an election can be held.

Moves toward official autonomy (July 2013–present)

In November 2013, the PYD announced an interim government, divided into three non-contiguous autonomous areas or cantons, Afrin, Jazira and Kobani. Leftist media commented that "Kurdish rebels are establishing self-rule in war-torn Syria, resembling the Zapatista experience and providing a democratic alternative for the region."

The polyethnic Movement for a Democratic Society (TEV-DEM), led by the Democratic Union Party (PYD), is the political coalition governing Rojava. According to Zaher Baher of the Haringey Solidarity Group, the PYD-led TEV-DEM has been "the most successful organ" in Rojava because it has the "determination and power" to change things, it includes many people who "believe in working voluntarily at all levels of service to make the event/experiment successful".

The Rojava system of community government is focused on direct democracy. The system has been described as pursuing "a bottom-up, Athenian-style direct form of democratic governance", contrasting the local communities taking on responsibility versus the strong central governments favoured by many states. In this model, states become less relevant and people govern through councils. Its programme immediately aimed to be "very inclusive" and people from a range of different backgrounds became involved, including Kurds, Arabs, Assyrians, Syrian Turkmen and Yazidis (from Muslim, Christian, and Yazidi religious groups). It sought to "establish a variety of groups, committees and communes on the streets in neighborhoods, villages, counties and small and big towns everywhere". The purpose of these groups was to meet "every week to talk about the problems people face where they live". The representatives of the different community groups meet 'in the main group in the villages or towns called the "House of the People"'. As a September 2015 report in the New York Times observed:

For a former diplomat like me, I found it confusing: I kept looking for a hierarchy, the singular leader, or signs of a government line, when, in fact, there was none; there were just groups. There was none of that stifling obedience to the party, or the obsequious deference to the "big man"—a form of government all too evident just across the borders, in Turkey to the north, and the Kurdish regional government of Iraq to the south. The confident assertiveness of young people was striking.

The civil laws of Syria are valid in Rojava, as far as they do not conflict with the Constitution of Rojava. One notable example for amendment is the family law, where Rojava proclaims absolute equality of women under the law and a ban on polygamy. For the first time in Syrian history, civil marriage is being allowed and promoted, a significant move towards a secular open society and intermarriage between people of different religious backgrounds.

The autonomous administration is supporting efforts for workers to form cooperatives, such as this sewing cooperative in Derik.]]In 2012, the PYD launched what it originally called the Social Economy Plan, later renamed the People’s Economy Plan (PEP). The PEP's policies are based primarily on the work of Abdullah Öcalan and ultimately seek to move beyond capitalism in favor of Democratic Confederalism. Private property and entrepreneurship are protected under the principle of "ownership by use", although accountable to the democratic will of locally organized councils. Dr Dara Kurdaxi, a Rojavan economist, has said that: "The method in Rojava is not so much against private property, but rather has the goal of putting private property in the service of all the peoples who live in Rojava."

See also

List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War

Kurdistan Free Life Party

Kurdistan Democratic Solution Party

Abdullah Öcalan Kurdish people References External links

कैसे नहीं दोगे जमीन,देखते नहीं कि सड़कों पर उतरने लगे हैं युद्धक विमान

कि झीलों और समुंदरों की गहराइयों से मौसम की जमीं पर होने लगी है अग्निवर्षा

Sustain Humanity

Wednesday, November 18, 2015

https://youtu.be/aa8fIoC9HEY #रोजावा की क्रांति #ISIS may not be defeated with # religious polarization#War not against ISIS# America created # Israel joins# G 20 funding #Oil War! Rojava: A Sincere Revolution https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CcLPyfgXBAk Pushing Back the Islamic State: The Battle for Rojava (Dispatch 1) https://news.vice.com/video/pushing-back-the-islamic-state-the-battle-for-rojava-dispatch-1 Pushing Back the Islamic State: The Battle for Rojava (Dispatch 1) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHaaKR1HaFk Real threat triggered by Political leadership most arrogant!We are into the war as media reports that the ISIS might not have a direct presence in India but intelligence agencies fear that terror groups operating in the country can be used by Daesh for carrying out strikes in India similar to the Paris massacre. Due for implementation from January 1, 2016.All the central government employees will get reason to smile soon! However, the government employees and pensioners

https://youtu.be/aa8fIoC9HEY

#रोजावा की क्रांति #ISIS may not be defeated with # religious polarization#War not against ISIS# America created # Israel joins# G 20 funding #Oil War!

Rojava: A Sincere Revolution

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CcLPyfgXBAk

Pushing Back the Islamic State: The Battle for Rojava (Dispatch 1)

https://news.vice.com/video/pushing-back-the-islamic-state-the-battle-for-rojava-dispatch-1

Pushing Back the Islamic State: The Battle for Rojava (Dispatch 1)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHaaKR1HaFk

Real threat triggered by Political leadership most arrogant!We are into the war as media reports that the ISIS might not have a direct presence in India but intelligence agencies fear that terror groups operating in the country can be used by Daesh for carrying out strikes in India similar to the Paris massacre.

Due for implementation from January 1, 2016

.

All the central government employees will get reason to smile soon! However, the government employees and pensioners are in for disappointment as the report is expected to propose a 15 percent hike only with retrenchment ensured!

तालिबान,अलकायदा की तरह हिंदू तालिबान भी अमेरिकी उत्पादन है और इस्लाम के साथ साथ गरीब दुनिया के सफाये के लिए ISIS अमेरिका और इजराइल का ब्रह्मास्त्र है।

पुतिन के खुलासे के बाद भी अगर हम यह नहीं समझ रहे हैं तो बोका हरम और पेरिस और बेरुत, लेबनान, इराक, अफगानिस्तान, मिस्र, लीबिया,जार्डन,सीरिया,तुर्की और यूनान में जो हुआ,वह ग्रीक त्रासदी का मजा हम भी लेंगे।आतंकी हमलो में जितने मारे गये,मारे जा रहे हैं,बोकोहरम में उससे ज्यादा लोग मारे जा रहे हैं तो भारत में भी राष्ट्र की हिंसा के शिकार लोग रंगबिरंगी हिंसा ,हमलों,दंगा फसाद में मारे जाने वालों से कहीं बहुत ज्यादा है।

हाथ कंगन को आरसी क्या ?

पढ़ लें समकाीन तीसरी दुनिया का सितंबर अंक और इजराइली अमेरिकी कनेक्शन के वीडियो सबूत पेश करने के बाद बाकी सबूत भी हम लाइव शेयर कर रहे हैं जो हैंगआउट पर लाइव स्ट्रीम भी है।

पलाश विश्वास

आज प्रवचन दोपहर बाद ही शुरु कर पा रहा हूं क्योंकि आज हफ्तेभर बाद सब्जियां लाने सोदपुर हाट गया तो तमाम कारोबारियों,सब्जीवालं,मिठाईवालों,किरानेवालों के सात गपशप और उनके सवालों के जवाब में वहीं प्रवचन हो गया।चाय भी उनके साथ पी।यह सरासर गलत है कि आम जनता कुछ नहीं समझती। मैं हूबहू यही बातें जब सार्वजिनक स्थान पर जनता के बीच करता हूं तो वे इसे बखूब समझते हैं और मैं सही सलामत भी हूं।इसका मतलब यह हुआ कि हम जनता से संवाद की स्थिति बना ही नहीं पा रहे हैं।जनता को जब सच मालूम होगा तो सारे के सारे किले ध्वस्त हो जायेंगे।

बहरहाल

एफडीआई बाबा ने भले ही अपने टायटैनिक हाथ दसों दिशाओं में लहराकर हिंदुत्व के वैश्विक मनुस्मृति आर्डर के आवाहन के साथ ISIS को खत्म करने के लिए भारत की युद्धघोषणा करके मध्यपूर्व की युद्धभूमि हिंदुस्तान की सरजमीं को बना दिया है,ISIS को अमेरिका और इजराइल मदद देता रहेगा तेल युद्ध की खातिर।

इस अंक में: अपनी बात

समकालीन तीसरी दुनिया के बारे में

कन्नड़ विद्वान कलबुर्गी की हत्या का विरोध् करो!

आवरण कथा

रोजावा की क्रांति - प्रकाश राज देवकोटा

इस्लामिक स्टेट के खिलापफ कोबाने का प्रतिरोध्

महिलाओं का साझा मोर्चा

टर्की में महिलाओं का हथियारबंद दस्ता

सामयिकी

अमीरदास का गरीब आयोग - अभिषेक श्रीवास्तव

यौन अपराध् और न्यूनतम सरकार - मुशर्रप़फ अली

मानव अध्किार

एक और ब्लॉगर की हत्या

पंजाब में सूरज सिंह का आमरण अनशन - देवाशीष

विशेष रिपोर्ट

छिटमहलः दशकों बाद मिली पहचान - अभिषेक रंजन सिंह

जेलखाना, गोलियों की बौछार और कत्लगाह

बंगाल की क्रांतिकारी कविताएं

1970 के दशक के कुछ कवियों मसलन आलोक बसु, इंद्र चौधरी, मुरारी

मुखोपाध्याय, वीरेंद्र चट्टोपाध्याय, बिपुल चक्रवर्ती, शोभन सोम, तुषार चंद्र,

मनोरंजन विश्वास की कविताएं

अनु. कंचन कुमार पृष्ठः 30 कविता

अल्पसंख्यक - शोभा सिंह

प्रसंग

गुजरातः संजीव भट्ट की सेवाएं समाप्त - अनंत राय

इतिहास

शहीदों के इतिहास को बदलने की साजिश - सुधीर विद्यार्थी

साहित्य

गोदानः जीवन यथार्थ का महाआख्यान - रामू सिद्धार्थ

कविता 16 मई के बाद

कानपुर में पफासीवाद विरोधी कविताएं

The White House on Sunday said the US agrees with France that the terrorist attacks in Paris are "an act of war" and demands stronger global commitments to combat the Islamic State group that carried out the attacks. India joins the war without invitation and without any provocation!

Latest from Paris: The mourning continues as the combing operation all over France and

Men were still holed up in an apartment in northern Paris today after shooting broke out during a raid by anti-terrorist police investigating the Paris attacks, police sources said. The operation, which began before dawn in Saint Denis, was still ongoing at 0615 am local time (0515 GMT).

Real threat triggered by Political leadership most arrogant!We are into the war as media reports that t

he ISIS might not have a direct presence in India but intelligence agencies fear that terror groups operating in the country can be used by Daesh for carrying out strikes in India similar to the Paris massacre.

Following the savage attack in Paris in which at least 129 people were killed, the Union home ministry alerted state governments on ISIS backed terrorist strikes on Indian soil

Rojava in resistance against ISIS created by America, assisted by Israel and funded by developed world and no less than 40 nations engaged in the loot of oil in the middle east,the oil war fund ISIS including G20 Nations.Putin exposed.Confirmed!

And the Kurds are most interested in creating their own homeland in northern Syria, which they call

Rojava

. That means that when they liberate lands from

ISIS

, it can't immediately be guaranteed that they will welcome back the Sunnis who used to live

.

2016 Hopefuls Hit Obama On ISIS While Trying To Replicate His Plan

Seriously, there have to be some other ideas.

MORRY GASH/ASSOCIATED PRESS

2016 Republican presidential candidates have attacked President Barack Obama for not doing enough to fight ISIS, but failed to outline an alternate approach.

WASHINGTON -- With Americans reeling from the news that the Islamic State group killed 129 people and wounded 352 in

Paris on Friday

, presidential candidates hoping to succeed President Barack Obama are scurrying to show they can manage the U.S. fight against the terrorist group better than he can.

That's difficult, though, because almost none of them -- Republican or Democrat -- haveelucidated a path forward that is notably different from the policies already in place.

Obama since August 2014 has built a coalition of more than 60 European and Arab allies to combat ISIS, authorized near-daily air strikes on its positions in Iraq and Syria, approved the deployment of U.S. advisers to Iraq and special forces to Syria, and sent aid to locals willing to tackle the extremists on the ground -- Kurdish peshmerga fighters and the Iraqi military in Iraq, and nationalist Sunni Arab groups and the Syrian Kurds in Syria.

On Monday, Obama dismissed calls for a full-scale ground invasion in Iraq and Syria and

promised

instead an "intensification" of the current strategy.

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/2016-presidential-election-isis_564a3c87e4b045bf3df05bd2?section=india&adsSiteOverride=in

Due for implementation from January 1, 2016

.

Salary linked to productivity meaning large scale retrenchment!The Seventh Pay Commission will likely submit its report on Friday, recommending higher salaries for nearly 4.8 million central government employees and 5.4 million pensioners.

All the central government employees will get reason to smile soon! However, the government employees and pensioners are in for disappointment as the report is expected to propose a 15 percent hike only with retrenchment ensured!

सितंबर का समकालीन तीसरी दुनिया का अंक मेरे सामने है और मैं लहूलुहान हूं।मुझे यह भी देखना पड़ रहा है कि भीष्म पितामह की तरह हमारे बड़े भाई आनंदस्वरुप वर्मा कंटकशय्या पर है और हम महाभारत में कुरुक्षेत्र के चक्रव्यूह में निःशस्त्र फंसे हैं।

देश को गोलबंद करना बहुत दूर की मंजिल है और हम तो समकालीन तीसरी दुनिया को बचाने के लिए प्रतिबद्ध जनपक्षधर ताकतों को लामबंद करने में भी बुरी तरह फेल है।

इसी तरह हस्तक्षेप के लिए भी कहीं से मदद की गुहार का जवाब नहीं आ पाया है।

हमारी लड़ाई जारी रखना बेशक मुश्किल है लेकिन हम यकीनन लड़ेंगे।हमेशा की तरह समकालीन तीसरी दुनिया की आवाज बुलंद होती रहेगी,यही उम्मीद है।

आज समकालीन तीसरी दुनिया के सितंबर अंक की कवर स्टोरी रोजावा की क्रांति इस वीडियो के फोकस में होगा।

फोकस पेरिस का अपडेट,युद्ध लाइव और फोकस ISIS के खिलाफ क्रांतिकारी संघर्ष पर होगा।वीडियो क्लीपिंग यूट्यूब के सौजन्य से।कृपया डाउनलोड करके लिंक व्हाटअप,फेसबुक वगैरह में शेयर तो करें ही,जो जमीन पर लड़ाई कर रहे हैं,वे इसका प्रचार प्रसार भी करें।

हमने कल ISIS की जन्मकुंडली वीडियो सबूत के साथ बांच दी है।अमेरिका ने पैदा किया ISIS को।इजराइल ने इसे पाला पोसा।तो विकसित देश अवैध तेल कारोबार के लिए तल कुंओं पर अपने अपने वर्चस्व के लिए यह तेलयुद्ध लड़ रहे हैं।

हमारी कोई औकात नहीं है।लेकिन पुतिन भइया ने जी 20 देशों के शमिट में विश्वनेताओं की मौजूदगी में भरे हाट आतंक के अंधियारे कारोबार की हड़िया फोड़ दी है और हम्माम में सारे के सारे जिन्न महाजिन्न बिरंची बाबा वगैरह वगैरह नंगे ही निकले।

एफडीआई बाबा ने भले ही अपने टायटैनिक हाथ दसों दिशाओं में लहराकर हिंदुत्व के वैश्विक मनुस्मृति आर्डर के आवाहन के साथ ISIS को खत्म करने के लिए भारत की युद्धघोषणा करके मध्यपूर्व की युद्धभूमि हिंदुस्तान की सरजमीं को बना दिया है,ISIS को अमेरिका और इजराइल मदद देता रहेगा तेल युद्ध की खातिर।

अमेरिका,इजराइल और ISIS का साझा लक्ष्य है इस्लाम का सफाया और भारत में संस्थागत फासीवाद का लक्ष्य है मुक्तबाजारी तिलिस्म की मदद से पूरी दुनिया को मनुस्मृति शासन के मातहत लाने का राजसूय वैदिकी।विशुद्धता का राजसूय है यह।

संस्थागत फासीवाद को खूब मालूम है कि अमेरिका और इजराइल अपनी संतान ISIS को खत्म करना नहीं चाहता क्योंकि वही अरब वसंत का सूत्रधार है।

भारत में अरब वसंत के सूत्रधार जाति धर्म के वंश वर्चस्व का मकसद भी ISIS को खत्म करना नहीं कतई नहीं है।

ISIS के खिलाफ बेमतलब युद्ध घोषणा से भारतीय उपमहादेश में ISIS का जो जाल बन रहा है,उससे निपटना भी उनका मकसद नहीं है।

बल्कि जैसे फ्रांस और बाकी विकसित दुनिया में नागरिक और मानवाधिकार निलंबित है,जैसे नाटो की बायोमैट्रिक नागरिकता और डिदजिटल भारत की नरसंहार संस्कृति है,उसीतरह इस युद्ध घोषणा के साथ कल्कि अवतार ने समूचे भारत में सलवा जुड़ुम का विस्तार कर दिया है और पूरा देश या तो कश्मीर है या मणिपुर।

फासीवादी धार्मिक ध्रूवीकरण और नरसंहार संस्कृति के लिए जो महातिलिस्म है।

रेलवे का भाड़ा न्यूनतम पांच रुपये से दस रुपये हो रहा है।

गरीब गुरबों के लिए दाल रोटी के बजाय कारपोरेट राजगुरु जहर बांटे तो बेहतर,ऐसे आलम में सातवें वेतन आयोग के तहत 50 लाख सरकारी कर्मचारियों का वेतन महज 15 फीसद बढ़ाकर उनकी सर्विस 33 साल तक सीमित कर दे रही है और उत्पादकता से उनका वेतनमान जोड़कर मेहनतकशों के हकहकूक के कत्लेआम के बाद श्रम कानूनों के सफाये के बाद उनमें से ज्यादातर की छंटनी की खुली तैयारी है।

यही है जनता के खिलाफ युद्ध का आलम और ISIS के खिलाफ बेमतलब युद्ध घोषणा दरअसल हिंदुत्व उन्माद के जरिये विश्वव्यवस्था कब्जाने की रणनीति है और भारत में गैरहिंदुओं के साथ साथ बहुजनों की सफाये की भी तैयारी है यह।

तालिबान,अलकायदा की तरह हिंदू तालिबान भी अमेरिकी उत्पादन है और इस्लाम के साथ साथ गरीब दुनिया के सफाये के लिए ISIS अमेरिका और इजराइल का ब्रह्मास्त्र है।

पुतिन के खुलासे के बाद भी अगर हम यह नहीं समझ रहे हैं तो बोका हरम और पेरिस और बेरुत, लेबनान, इराक, अफगानिस्तान, मिस्र, लीबिया,जार्डन,सीरिया,तुर्की और यूनान में जो हुआ,वह ग्रीक त्रासदी का मजा हम भी लेंगे।

बोकोहरम में आतंकी हमलों में ज्यादा लोग मारे जा रहे हैं तो भारत में भी राष्ट्र की हिंसा के शिकार लोग रंगबिरंगी हिंसा ,हमलों,दंगा फसाद से कहीं बहुत ज्यादा है।

हाथ कंगन को आरसी क्या ?

पढ़ लें समकाीन तीसरी दुनिया का सितंबर अंक और इजराइली अमेरिकी कनेक्शन के वीडियो सबूत पेश करने के बाद बाकी सबूत भी हम लाइव शेयर कर रहे हैं जो हैंगआउट पर लाइव स्ट्रीम भी है।

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ISIS was created by the CIA and Mossad - YouTube

▶ 8:06 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQkYtmewSpQ

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Why The CIA Created ISIS - YouTube

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America Created Al-Qaeda and the ISIS Terror Group

By Garikai Chengu

Global Research, November 14, 2015

Global Research 19 September 2014

Originally published by GR in September 2014

Much like Al Qaeda, the Islamic State (ISIS) is made-in-the-USA, an instrument of terror designed to divide and conquer the oil-rich Middle East and to counter Iran's growing influence in the region.

The fact that the United States has a long and torrid history of backing terrorist groups will surprise only those who watch the news and ignore history.

The CIA first aligned itself with extremist Islam during the Cold War era. Back then, America saw the world in rather simple terms: on one side, the Soviet Union and Third World nationalism, which America regarded as a Soviet tool; on the other side, Western nations and militant political Islam, which America considered an ally in the struggle against the Soviet Union.

The director of the National Security Agency under Ronald Reagan, General William Odom recently remarked, "by any measure the U.S. has long used terrorism. In 1978-79 the Senate was trying to pass a law against international terrorism – in every version they produced, the lawyers said the U.S. would be in violation."

During the 1970′s the CIA used the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt as a barrier, both to thwart Soviet expansion and prevent the spread of Marxist ideology among the Arab masses. The United States also openly supported Sarekat Islam against Sukarno in Indonesia, and supported the Jamaat-e-Islami terror group against Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in Pakistan. Last but certainly not least, there is Al Qaeda.

Lest we forget, the CIA gave birth to Osama Bin Laden and breastfed his organization during the 1980′s. Former British Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, told the House of Commons that Al Qaeda was unquestionably a product of Western intelligence agencies. Mr. Cook explained that Al Qaeda, which literally means an abbreviation of "the database" in Arabic, was originally the computer database of the thousands of Islamist extremists, who were trained by the CIA and funded by the Saudis, in order to defeat the Russians in Afghanistan.

America's relationship with Al Qaeda has always been a love-hate affair. Depending on whether a particular Al Qaeda terrorist group in a given region furthers American interests or not, the U.S. State Department either funds or aggressively targets that terrorist group. Even as American foreign policy makers claim to oppose Muslim extremism, they knowingly foment it as a weapon of foreign policy.

The Islamic State is its latest weapon that, much like Al Qaeda, is certainly backfiring. ISIS recently rose to international prominence after its thugs began beheading American journalists. Now the terrorist group controls an area the size of the United Kingdom.

In order to understand why the Islamic State has grown and flourished so quickly, one has to take a look at the organization's American-backed roots. The 2003 American invasion and occupation of Iraq created the pre-conditions for radical Sunni groups, like ISIS, to take root. America, rather unwisely, destroyed Saddam Hussein's secular state machinery and replaced it with a predominantly Shiite administration. The U.S. occupation caused vast unemployment in Sunni areas, by rejecting socialism and closing down factories in the naive hope that the magical hand of the free market would create jobs. Under the new U.S.-backed Shiite regime, working class Sunni's lost hundreds of thousands of jobs. Unlike the white Afrikaners in South Africa, who were allowed to keep their wealth after regime change, upper class Sunni's were systematically dispossessed of their assets and lost their political influence. Rather than promoting religious integration and unity, American policy in Iraq exacerbated sectarian divisions and created a fertile breading ground for Sunni discontent, from which Al Qaeda in Iraq took root.

The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) used to have a different name: Al Qaeda in Iraq. After 2010 the group rebranded and refocused its efforts on Syria.

There are essentially three wars being waged in Syria: one between the government and the rebels, another between Iran and Saudi Arabia, and yet another between America and Russia. It is this third, neo-Cold War battle that made U.S. foreign policy makers decide to take the risk of arming Islamist rebels in Syria, because Syrian President, Bashar al-Assad, is a key Russian ally. Rather embarrassingly, many of these Syrian rebels have now turned out to be ISIS thugs, who are openly brandishing American-made M16 Assault rifles.

America's Middle East policy revolves around oil and Israel. The invasion of Iraq has partially satisfied Washington's thirst for oil, but ongoing air strikes in Syria and economic sanctions on Iran have everything to do with Israel. The goal is to deprive Israel's neighboring enemies, Lebanon's Hezbollah and Palestine's Hamas, of crucial Syrian and Iranian support.

ISIS is not merely an instrument of terror used by America to topple the Syrian government; it is also used to put pressure on Iran.

The last time Iran invaded another nation was in 1738. Since independence in 1776, the U.S. has been engaged in over 53 military invasions and expeditions. Despite what the Western media's war cries would have you believe, Iran is clearly not the threat to regional security, Washington is. An Intelligence Report published in 2012, endorsed by all sixteen U.S. intelligence agencies, confirms that Iran ended its nuclear weapons program in 2003. Truth is, any Iranian nuclear ambition, real or imagined, is as a result of American hostility towards Iran, and not the other way around.

America is using ISIS in three ways: to attack its enemies in the Middle East, to serve as a pretext for U.S. military intervention abroad, and at home to foment a manufactured domestic threat, used to justify the unprecedented expansion of invasive domestic surveillance.

By rapidly increasing both government secrecy and surveillance, Mr. Obama's government is increasing its power to watch its citizens, while diminishing its citizens' power to watch their government. Terrorism is an excuse to justify mass surveillance, in preparation for mass revolt.

The so-called "War on Terror" should be seen for what it really is: a pretext for maintaining a dangerously oversized U.S. military. The two most powerful groups in the U.S. foreign policy establishment are the Israel lobby, which directs U.S. Middle East policy, and the Military-Industrial-Complex, which profits from the former group's actions. Since George W. Bush declared the "War on Terror" in October 2001, it has cost the American taxpayer approximately 6.6 trillion dollars and thousands of fallen sons and daughters; but, the wars have also raked in billions of dollars for Washington's military elite.

In fact, more than seventy American companies and individuals have won up to $27 billion in contracts for work in postwar Iraq and Afghanistan over the last three years, according to a recent study by the Center for Public Integrity. According to the study, nearly 75 per cent of these private companies had employees or board members, who either served in, or had close ties to, the executive branch of the Republican and Democratic administrations, members of Congress, or the highest levels of the military.

In 1997, a U.S. Department of Defense report stated, "the data show a strong correlation between U.S. involvement abroad and an increase in terrorist attacks against the U.S." Truth is, the only way America can win the "War On Terror" is if it stops giving terrorists the motivation and the resources to attack America. Terrorism is the symptom; American imperialism in the Middle East is the cancer. Put simply, the War on Terror is terrorism; only, it is conducted on a much larger scale by people with jets and missiles.

Garikai Chengu

is a research scholar at Harvard University. Contact him on

garikai.chengu@gmail.com

The original source of this article is Global Research

Copyright © Garikai Chengu

, Global Research, 2015

पेरिस में आइसिस: तारिक अली

Posted by Reyaz-ul-haque on 11/15/2015 01:44:00 PM

तारिक अली . वर्सोबुक्स

से साभार. ऊपर दी गई तस्वीर बेरुत की है, जहां पेरिस पर हमले से एक दिन पहले गुरुवार को आइसिस ने फिदायीन हमला करके 43 लोगों की हत्या कर दी थी. पेरिस की खबरें दुनिया भर में छाई हैं, लेकिन बेरुत के मातम में कोई शरीक नहीं है.

अनुवाद: रेयाज उल हक

तो आइसिस ने दावा किया है कि उनके हमले फ्रांस द्वारा मध्य पूर्व में 'खिलाफत' पर की जा रही बमबारी का जवाब हैं. इसमें कोई दोराय नहीं है कि हॉलैंडे/वैले जंगखोर हैं. इसमें विडंबना है कि वे असद हुकूमत को गिराने की तैयारी कर रहे हैं (जब तक वाशिंगटन देर करने के लिए नहीं कहता) और इस तरह वे इस इलाके में आइसिस के सहयोगी हो जाएंगे. असल में सीरिया में विपक्षियों की एक बड़ी जमात असद को टकराव के सबसे बड़े नुक्ते के रूप में देखती है और यह भी उम्मीद कर रही थी कि पश्चिम एक और हुकूमत में तब्दीली लेकर आएगा. अगर उन्होंने ऐसा किया होता तो एक दूसरे से लड़ रहे जिहादी समूहों के बीच में एक गृह युद्ध छिड़ गया होता और फिर कौन जानता है कि संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका/यूरोपीय संघ उनमें से किसकी हिमायत करते.

आइसिस ने फ्रांस की राजधानी पर हमला किया है और एक सौ से ज्यादा नागरिकों की हत्या कर दी है और उससे दोगुने लोग जख्मी हैं. मैं जानता हूं कि पश्चिम ने भी यही किया है, असल में उसने दसियों हजार लोगों को मारा है, लेकिन कट्टरपंथ का यह टकराव कहीं नहीं लेकर जाएगा. पश्चिम नैतिक रूप में जिहादियों से बेहतर नहीं है. आखिर तलवार से सरेआम किसी का गला काटना, ड्रोन हमले में अंधाधुंध हत्याएं करने से खराब क्यों हैॽ इनमें से किसी का भी न तो समर्थन किया जा सकता है और न करना चाहिए.

अक्सर यह दलील दी जाती है कि अल कायदा और आइसिस दोनों ही अफगानिस्तान और इराक में साम्राज्यवादी युद्धों का अंजाम हैं और बेशक बात यही है. लेकिन यह काफी नहीं है. धर्मनिरपेक्ष राष्ट्रवाद की खुदकुशी और स्थानीय दमन और लोकप्रिय समर्थन में गिरावट के नतीजे में छोटे छोटे प्रगतिशील समूहों में आए नकारेपन पर भी गौर किया जाना चाहिए. इस प्रक्रिया ने सऊदी हुकूमत को सामने ला दिया है और अल-कायदा और आइसिस दोनों ही वहाबीवाद के भारी असर में हैं, जो सुन्नी इस्लाम के भीतर एक बहुत ही छोटी सी जमात है.

इस इलाके में फिर से स्थिरता बहाल करने के लिए तीन अहम शर्तें हैं: सऊदी शाही परिवार को मिल रहा पश्चिमी समर्थन खत्म हो; इलाके में सारी पश्चिमी दखलंदाजी खत्म हो, एक अकेला इस्राईली/फलस्तीनी राज्य बने जिसके सभी नागरिकों को बराबर के हक हासिल हों. जब तक यह नहीं होता, सियासी सनकी और वहशी अपने पांव पसारते रहेंगे.

पेरिस और पूर्व अरब के किसी भी शहर में बेगुनाहों के कत्ल को किसी भी तरह जायज नहीं ठहराया जा सकता.

Pushing Back the Islamic State: The Battle for Rojava (Dispatch 1)

August 7, 2015 | 3:20 pm

The northeastern city of Hasakah is one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse in Syria. Its population of Kurds, Sunni Arabs, and Christians was until recently politically divided between equal zones of Kurdish and Assad regime control. Immediately following the fall of the strategic border town of Tal Abyad from Islamic State (IS) fighters to Kurdish YPG forces in June, however, IS hit back with a sudden shock offensive on the regime-held half of Hasakah, causing regime forces to crumble in a matter of days.

As the Syrian army and loyalist militias relinquished control to IS, the YPG entered the battle, first encircling IS positions and then launching a ground offensive supported by pounding coalition airstrikes. Despite IS using their elite forces in the offensive, the combination of airstrikes and YPG ground troops proved too much and IS fled its recent gains in the city, leaving behind only ruined buildings and mangled bodies.

For the first time, the YPG now finds itself in almost total control of Hasakah, with the regime squeezed into the central government district and IS cornered in the city's southern outskirts. VICE News secured exclusive access to YPG fighters as they cleared southern Hasakah of Islamic State militants.

Watch:

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Rojava

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Rojava ڕۆژاڤای کوردستان Rojavayê Kurdistanê Flag Anthem: " Ey Reqîb " MENU 0:00 Status de facto autonomous region of Syria Capital Qamişlo (Qamishli) [1] [2] 37°03′N 41°13′E Official languages Kurdish Arabic [3] Syriac-Aramaic Government Democratic confederalism [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] • Co-President Asya Abdullah • Co-President Salih Muslim Muhammad Autonomous region • Autonomy Proposed July 2013 • Autonomy Declared November 2013 • Regional government established November 2013 • Interim Constitution Adopted January 2014 Population • 2014 estimate 4.6 million [9] Currency Syrian pound ( SYP ) Rojava

This article is part of a series on the

politics and government of

Rojava National symbols [show] Constitution [show] Government [show] Legislature [show] Elections [show] Political parties [show] Administrative divisions [show] Foreign relations [show] Other countries Atlas Politics portal v t e Syrian Kurdistan or Western Kurdistan ( Kurdish : ڕۆژاڤای کوردستان‎, Rojavayê Kurdistanê ), [10] [11] commonly known in Kurdish as Rojava , is a de facto autonomous region in northern Syria . [12]

The region gained its autonomy in November 2013 as part of the ongoing

Rojava Revolution

, establishing a society based on principles of

direct democracy , gender equality , and sustainability . [13]

Rojava consists of the three

cantons

of (from east to west)

Jazira , Kobani and Afrin

. Rojava is not officially recognized as autonomous by the government of Syria

[14]

and is a participant in the

Syrian Civil War . [15]

Kurds generally consider Rojava to be one of the four parts of a greater

Kurdistan

, which also includes parts of southeastern

Turkey ( Northern Kurdistan ), northern Iraq ( Southern Kurdistan ), and western Iran ( Eastern Kurdistan ). [16]

However, Rojavan government and society is

polyethnic . [17] Contents [ hide ] 1Name 2Geography 3History 3.1Ottoman Empire 3.2French Mandate

3.3Pre-autonomy government from Damascus

3.3.1Arabization policy of Syrian governments

3.4Rojava Revolution

4The Non-Government structures of the people

4.1Moving towards democratic autonomy

4.2Centralised political representation 5Human rights 5.1Rojava constitution 5.2Syrian opposition militias 5.3ISIS 5.4YPG militia

5.4.1Violations of ethnic minorities

5.4.2Forcible fighter recruitment

5.4.3Oppression against other political parties

6Economy 6.1Resources 7Military and police 8Demographics 8.1Ethnicity 8.2Religion 8.3Languages spoken 8.4Population centres 9Foreign relations 10See also 11Notes 12References 13External links Name [ edit ] Rojava ( Kurdish : Rojavayê Kurdistanê ‎, from rojava

meaning "west") is also known as

Western Kurdistan or Syrian Kurdistan . Geography [ edit ]

Map showing de facto cantons held by PYD forces in February 2014

Rojava lies to the west of the

River Tigris along the Turkish

border. There are three cantons:

Jazira Canton , Kobani Canton and separately Afrin Canton

. Jazira Canton also borders

Iraqi Kurdistan

to the southeast. Other borders are disputed in the

Syrian Civil War

. All cantons are at latitude approximately 36 and a half degrees north. They are relatively flat except for the

Kurd Mountains in Afrin Canton. History [ edit ] Further information: Kurdistan , Kurds in Syria and

Modern history of Syria

The Kurd Mountains

were already Kurdish-inhabited when the

Crusades

broke out at the end of the 11th century.

[18] Ottoman Empire [ edit ] See also: Ottoman Syria

Map from 1911 showing ethnic groups.

Kurdistan according to Treaty of Sèvres did not extend into Syrian territories

Map of Syria's ethno-religious composition in 1976

Kurdish-inhabited areas in 1992 according to CIA

During the Ottoman period (1299–1922), large Kurmanji

-speaking Kurdish tribal groups both settled in and were deported to areas of northern Syria from

Anatolia

. The largest of these tribal groups was the Reshwan confederation, which was initially based in the

Adiyaman region

but eventually also settled throughout Anatolia. The Milli confederation, which was documented in Ottoman sources from the year 1518 onward, was the most powerful tribal group and dominated the entire northern Syrian steppe in the second half of the 18th century. Their influence continued to rise and eventually their leader Timur was appointed Ottoman governor of

Raqqa (1800-1803). [19] [20]

Kurdish dynasty of Janbulads ruled the region of

Aleppo

as governors for the Ottomans from 1591 to 1607 and were allied with the

Medici of Tuscany . [21] The Danish writer Carsten Niebuhr

who traveled to Jazira in 1764 recorded five nomadic Kurdish tribes (Dukurie, Kikie, Schechchanie, Mullie and Aschetie) and one Arab tribe. According to Niebuhr, those tribes were settled near

Mardin

in Turkey, and paid the governor of that city for the right of grazing their herds in the Syrian Jazira.

[18] [22]

These Kurdish tribes gradually settled in villages and cities and are still present in Jazira (modern Syria's

Hasakah Governorate ). [23]

Until the 19th century, Kurdistan did not include lands of Syrian Jazira.

[note 1] [24]

Similarly, Kurdistan as suggested by the

Treaty of Sèvres

did not include any territory in what later became Syria and Iraq.

[25]

The demographics of this area saw a huge shift in the early part of the 20th century. Some Kurdish tribes cooperated with

Ottoman

authorities in the massacres against

Armenian and Assyrian Christians in Upper Mesopotamia , [26]

and were in return granted their land as a reward.

[27] Kurds cooperated with Ottoman

authorities in the massacres against

Armenian and Assyrian Christians in Upper Mesopotamia . [28]

Kurds were responsible for most of the atrocities against Assyrians, and Kurdish expansion happened at the expense of Assyrians.

[29] [30]

Kurdish tribes attacked and sacked Assyrian and Armenian villages in Albaq District immediately to the north of

Hakkari

mountains, killing large numbers of villagers.

[31]

Many Assyrians fled to Syria following the

Assyrian genocide

committed by the Ottoman Turks and Kurds in Turkey,

[31] [32]

and settled mainly in the Jazira area.

[33]

The Assyrian population of Nusaybin crossed the border into Syria and settled in

Qamishli

, which was separated by the railway (new border) from the former. Nusaybin became Kurdish and Qamishli became an Assyrian city.

[ citation needed ] French Mandate [ edit ]

Things soon changed, however, with the immigration of Kurds beginning in 1926 following the failure of the rebellion of

Saeed Ali Naqshbandi against the Turkish authorities. [34]

While many of the Kurds in Syria have been there for centuries, waves of Kurds fled their homes in Turkey and settled in Syria, where they were granted citizenship by the

French mandate authorities . [35]

This large influx of Kurds moved to Syria's Jazira province. It is estimated that 25,000 Kurds fled at this time to Syria.

[36]

Assyrians began to emigrate from Syria after the

Amuda

massacre of August 9, 1937.

[37]

This massacre, carried out by the Kurd Saeed Agha al-Dakuuri, emptied the city of its Assyrian population.

[38] [39]

In 1941, the Assyrian community of

al-Malikiyah

was subjected to a vicious assault. Even though the assault failed, Assyrians were terrorized and left in large numbers, and the immigration of Kurds from Turkey to the area converted al-Malikiya,

al-Darbasiyah and Amuda

to completely Kurdish cities.

[ citation needed ]

Pre-autonomy government from Damascus

[ edit ]

Rojava under Syrian rule had little investment or development from the central government. Laws discriminated against Kurds from owning property, and many were without citizenship. Property was routinely confiscated by government loansharks. There were no high schools, and Kurdish language education in middle schools was forbidden, compromising Kurdish students' education. Hospitals lacked equipment for advanced treatment and instead patients had to be transferred outside Rojava.

[40]

Arabization policy of Syrian governments

[ edit ] According to

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

and Human Rights Watch

, successive Syrian governments continued to adopt a policy of ethnic discrimination and national persecution against Kurds, completely depriving them of their national, democratic and human rights. Syrian governments imposed ethnically-based programs, regulations and exclusionary measures on various aspects of Kurds' lives – political, economic, social and cultural – among which are the following:

[41] [42]

1958: The Baath party integrated Syria with Egypt in the United Arab Republic (UAR). As a result, recordings of Kurdish music were smashed in cafes and the publication and even possession of Kurdish books were offences punishable by imprisonment. Also Egyptian teachers were sent into Kurdish regions.

[43] [44]

1960: The inhabitants of Amuda (a Kurdish town) accused the authorities of causing a fire in a movie house that caused the death of 283 Kurdish children. The perpetrators were presumably motivated by anti-Kurdish sentiments.

[43] [44]

Between 1946 and 1957, the Kurds in Syria had no political organization. The Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria (KDPS) was founded in 1957. In 1960, the leaders were arrested and tortured. Finally, more than 5000 associated people were arrested.

[43] [44]

Kurds in Syria were also victims of racist propaganda of the Arab media. One campaign launched by the Arab media sported slogans such as 'Save Arabism from Jazira' or 'Fight the Kurdish Menace'.

Kurdish language remained forbidden and the public school became for the Kurds a place of Arabization. According to "Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society" by Dr. Jordi Tejel,"with the increase in literate children in the Kurdish regions, a tight surveillance system was established there, following the example of the Turks, by means of 'spies,' to stop the children from speaking Kurdish among themselves. Children discovered in flagrant 'defiance' could be physically punished.

[43] [44]

In 1962 the Syrian authorities in Hasaka randomly stripped tens of thousands of Kurdish families (more than 120,000 Kurds

[45]

) of their Syrian nationality. A census was implemented exclusively in Hasaka province for a period of just 24 hours only, and as a result tens of thousands of Syrian citizens of Kurdish origins lost their nationality and found themselves deprived of their citizenship. The census prevented all those affected by it from exercising all the natural rights that are based on citizenship – civil, social, political, cultural and economic – from exercising their right to work, to employment, to education, travel, the right to own a property and use agricultural land and from living normal lives.

[41] [42]

In 1973 in the province of Hasaka, the Syrian authorities confiscated an area of fertile agricultural land owned and cultivated by tens of thousands of Kurdish citizens and gave it to Arab families brought in from the provinces of Aleppo and Ar-Raqqa. The National Leadership Bureau of the ruling Baath Party issued orders to establish 41 settlement centers in these areas, in order to change the demographic composition of these areas by evicting and displacing the Kurdish inhabitants. In 2007, Syrian authorities in the Agricultural Association in Malikiyah, Hasaka province, signed contracts granting 150 Arab families from the Shaddadi region, Hasaka province, about six thousand square kilometers in Malikiyah. At the same time, it evicted tens of thousands of Kurdish people from these villages, and forced them to move to other areas inside and outside of Syria in search of a decent living.

[41] [42]

In 1967, all references to Kurds in Syria were removed from geography curriculum books, and many Kurdish citizens were subject to pressure from the staff of the Civil Registry Departments to not give their children Kurdish names.

[41] [42]

In 1986, the governor of Hasaka issued a decree which prohibited the use of the Kurdish language in the workplace. In 1989, the governor of Hasaka, Mohammed Mustafa Miro, issued another decree to re-confirm this ban on speaking Kurdish and added to it a prohibition on non-Arabic songs at weddings and holidays.

[41] [42]

In the 1960s, Syrian authorities planned to change the original Kurdish names of scores of villages in Hasakeh governorate in the northeast and in the Kurdish area in the

Kurd Mountains

, in the northwest near Afrin in the governorate of Aleppo, and began to implement it in the 1970s. In Afrin the names of all Kurdish villages were changed to Arabic. Some of the names which were changed to Arabic are: Kobaniya (now Ain al-Arab), Girdeem (Sa`diyya), Chilara (Jowadiyya), Derunakoling (Deir Ayoub), and BaniQasri (Ain Khadra).

[42] Rojava Revolution [ edit ] Main article: Rojava Revolution

Military situation in the Syrian Civil War as of 15 November 2015.

Controlled by Syrian Government forces Controlled by Kurdish forces (Rojava) Controlled by the

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Controlled by al-Nusra Front Controlled by Syrian opposition forces

(For a more detailed map, see

Cities and towns during the Syrian Civil War

) During the Syrian Civil War

, Syrian government forces withdrew from three Kurdish enclaves, leaving control to local militias in 2012. Because of the war,

People's Protection Units

(YPG) were created by the

Kurdish Supreme Committee

to defend the Kurdish-inhabited areas in Syria. In July 2012 the YPG established control in the towns of

Kobanî , Amuda and Afrin . [46]

The two main Kurdish groups, the

Kurdish National Council (KNC) and the Democratic Union Party

(PYD), afterwards formed a joint leadership council to administer the towns.

[46] [ dead link ]

Later that month the cities of

Al-Malikiyah (Dêrika Hemko), Ra's al-'Ayn (Serê Kaniyê), Al-Darbasiyah (Dirbêsî), and Al-Maabadah

(Girkê Legê) also came under the control of the People's Protection Units.

The only major Kurdish-majority cities that remained under government control were

Al-Hasaka and Qamishli , [47] [48]

although parts of both soon also came under the control of the YPG.

In July 2013, the

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

(ISIL) began to forcibly displace Kurdish civilians from towns in

Ar-Raqqah governorate

. After demanding that all Kurds leave

Tell Abyad

on or else be killed, thousands of civilians, including

Turkmen

and Arab families, fled on 21 July. Its fighters looted and destroyed the property of Kurds, and in some cases, resettled displaced Arab

Sunni families from the Qalamoun area (Rif Damascus), Dayr Az-Zawr and Ar-Raqqah

, in abandoned Kurdish homes. A similar pattern was documented in

Tel Arab and Tal Hassel

in July 2013. As ISIL consolidated its authority in Ar-Raqqah, Kurdish civilians were forcibly displaced from

Tel Akhader , and Kobanî

in March and September 2014, respectively.

[49]

Map of the territory changes during the YPG-led Northern Syria offensive (2015)

In 2014, Kobanî was besieged

by ISIL and later liberated by YPG forces and the

Free Syrian Army cooperating as Euphrates Volcano

, with air support from

United States -led airstrikes .

In January 2015, the YPG fought against Syrian regime forces in

Hassakeh , [50]

and clashed with those stationed in Qamishli in June 2015.

[51]

After the latter clashes, Nasir Haj Mansour, a Kurdish official in the northeast stated "The regime will with time get weaker ... I do not imagine the regime will be able to strengthen its position".

[52]

The Non-Government structures of the people

[ edit ] The Kurdish Supreme Committee (

Desteya Bilind a Kurd

, DBK) was established by the

Democratic Union Party (PYD) and the Kurdish National Council

(KNC) as the governing body of Rojava in July 2012.

[53]

The member board consists of an equal number of PYD and KNC members.

[54]

In November 2013, the PYD announced an interim government divided into three non-contiguous autonomous areas or cantons,

Afrin , Jazira and Kobani . [55]

The political system of Rojava is inspired by

democratic confederalism and communalism

. It is influenced by

anarchist and libertarian

principles, and is considered by many a type of

libertarian socialism . [56] The Constitution of Rojava

has protection for currency, property rights and free trade.

[57]

The basic unit at the local level is the community which pools resources for education, protection and governance. At a national level communities are unrestricted in deciding their own economic decisions on who they wish to sell to and how resources are allocated. There is a broad push for social reform,

gender equality

and ecological stabilization in the region.

[58] Political writer David Romano

describes it as pursuing "a bottom-up,

Athenian-style

direct form of democratic governance". He contrasts the local communities taking on responsibility vs the strong central governments favoured by many

states

. In this model, states become less relevant and people govern through councils.

[59]

Rojava divides itself into regional administrations called cantons named after the

Swiss cantons . [57]

Moving towards democratic autonomy

[ edit ]

The governance model of Rojava has an emphasis on local management, with regions divided into cantons with democratically elected committees to make decisions. The

Movement for a Democratic Society

(also known as TEV-DEM) is the political coalition governing Rojava.

Its programme immediately aimed to be "very inclusive" and people from a range of different backgrounds became involved (including

Kurds , Arabs , Assyrians , and Turkmen (from Muslim , Christian , and Yazidi

religious groups). It sought to "establish a variety of groups, committees and communes on the streets in neighborhoods, villages, counties and small and big towns everywhere". The purpose of these groups was to meet "every week to talk about the problems people face where they live". The representatives of the different community groups meet 'in the main group in the villages or towns called the "House of the People"'.

According to Zaher Baher of the Haringey Solidarity Group, the TEV-DEM has been "the most successful organ" in Rojava because it has the "determination and power" to change things, it includes many people who "believe in working voluntarily at all levels of service to make the event/experiment successful", and it has "set up an army of defence consisting of three different parts" - the YPG, the YPJ, the

Asayish

(a "mixed force of men and women that exists in the towns and all the checkpoints outside the towns to protect civilians from any external threat"), and "a special unit for women only, to deal with issues of rape and domestic violence".

[60] Centralised political representation [ edit ]

Alongside TEV-DEM there is the

Kurdish Supreme Committee

, the interim governing body of Rojava which consists of an equal number of

Democratic Union Party (PYD) and Kurdish National Council

(KNC) members, and a smaller number of

Syriac Union Party (Syria)

members. [54]

This council is mainly concerned with external affairs.

There are no plans for independence from Syria, but for self-administration and control of local resources.

[61]

Elections for a new government were planned to be held before the end of 2014,

[62]

but this was postponed due to fighting.

Local elections

were eventually held in March 2015.

There are 20 ministries dealing with the economy, agriculture, natural resources, and foreign affairs.

[62]

Among other stipulations outlined is a quota of 40% for women's participation in government, as well as another quota for youth. In connection with a decision to introduce

affirmative action for ethnic minorities

, all governmental organizations and offices are based on a co-presidential system.

[63] Human rights [ edit ] Rojava constitution [ edit ] According to the Constitution of Rojava , [64] [65] [66] [67]

the administration of the de facto autonomous region is committed to

international law regarding human rights

. This includes the following amendments to Syrian law.

Equal rights for women and a ban on

polygamy [68]

Religious freedom and equality of all ethnic groups

Ban on capital punishment and torture

Syrian opposition militias [ edit ]

According to a Human Rights report, since July 2013,

Jabhat Al-Nusra

, at times in coordination with other armed groups, carried out a series of killings of Kurdish civilians in Al Youssoufiyah, Qamishli and Al-Asadia (Al-Hasakah). During a raid by the

Free Syrian Army , ISIS , the Islamic Front

and Jabhat Al-Nusra battalions, fighters killed a Kurdish Yazidi man in Al-Asadia who refused to convert to Islam.

[69] ISIS [ edit ]

In June 2014, after ISIS defeated the Kurdish forces in the border city of

Tell Abyad

, ISIS fighters made an announcement from the minarets of the local mosques that all Kurds had to leave Tell Abyad on or else be killed. Thousands of civilians, including Turkmen and Arab families fled on 21 July.

[49] [70]

Its fighters systematically looted and destroyed the property of Kurds, and in some cases, resettled displaced Arab Sunni families from the Qalamoun area (Rif Damascus), Dayr Az-Zawr and Ar-Raqqah in abandoned Kurdish homes.

[49]

In June 2015 at least 220 Kurdish civilians were massacred in mass killings by ISIS Fighters

[71] [72]

in their homes or killed by the group's rockets or snipers by an attack on the Syrian Kurdish town of Kobani on the Turkish border, which is one of the worst massacres carried out by ISIS in Syria. Women and children were among the bodies found inside houses and on the streets of Kobane. Also in a nearby village, IS reportedly shot dead at least 20 civilians, including women and children. The

Syrian Observatory for Human Rights

said that ISIS fired at everything that moved.

[73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] YPG militia [ edit ]

Some sources have accused PYD for human rights abuses which have been taken place in areas under their control.

[80]

The allegations include forcible recruitment, kidnappings, assassinations,

[81] executions, [82] torture, [81] ethnic cleansing, [83] and expulsion. [81]

Legally women have equal rights and there are quotas for their political representation.

[84] There is affirmative action

to give power to minority groups and ethnicities as a guiding principle.

Human Rights Watch who was permitted to visit in early 2014, reported "arbitrary arrests, due process violations, and failed to address unsolved killings and disappearances" and made recommendations for government improvement.

[81]

However, Fred Abrahams, special advisor to HRW who visited Rojava and drafted the report, noted that the PYD has taken solid steps to addressing the problems and has been receptive to criticism. He notes that they are currently in the process of political transitioning from the Syrian government, training a new police force and creating a new legal system.

[85]

There has also been multiple reports of teenage fighters serving in the YPG military. After criticism from Human Rights Watch when the problem persisted, the YPG pledged publically to demobilize all fighters under 18 within a month.

[81]

It is worth noting that the YPG is a "decentralised army", and individual units act autonomously.

[86]

However the YPG has taken steps to prevent teenage volunteer fighters under the age of 18. Torture is allegedly a common practice of PYD militias against opponents and those who refuse forcible recruitment.

[80] [87]

Violations of ethnic minorities

[ edit ]

The YPG have been accused of ethnic cleansing against Arabs; which led to the fleeing of thousands and the destruction of several Arab villages

[83]

— a charge strongly denied by the Kurds.

[88]

The accusation was not backed by any evidence of ethnic or sectarian killings.

[88] The head of

Syrian Observatory for Human Rights

said the people who had fled into Turkey were escaping fighting and there was no systematic effort to force people out.

[89]

A report by Kurdish human rights organization KurdWatch have said that YPG demanded residents of Arab villages around the Jabal ʿAbdulʿaziz (Çiyayê Kezwan) leave their villages in fears of the ISIL could count on support from the Arab population,

[90]

and burning houses of Arab villagers in Qamishli area in revenge for the YPG‑fighters killed at this location.

[91]

In an interview by

Society for Threatened Peoples

with the head of the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, Rami Abdulrahman said that all "ethnic cleansing" allegations against YPG were nonsense. He also explained that these allegations were propaganda of Turkish and Syrian National Congress origin, because of their hostility towards Kurds.

[92]

On 13 October 2015,

Amnesty international

accused YPG of demolishing homes of village residents and forcing them out of areas under kurdish control.

[93]

Amnesty International said that YPG has targeted the villages that were controlled by ISIL or where a small minority were suspected of supporting the group.

[93] [94]

YPG spokesman Redur Xelil said: "Very simply, this is a false allegation."

[95] and PYD leader Salih Muslim

and YPG spokesman strictly denied the Amnesty International claims.

[94] Forcible fighter recruitment [ edit ]

Several incidents of forcible recruitment, including 16-year-old boys, have happened in by PYD forces.

[96]

The latest of these events happened in Afrin District during which approximately two hundred young men were forcibly recruited.

[97]

In a previous incident on 12 June 2015, Christian men in Qamishli resisted a forcible kidnapping attempt for recruitment in PYD militia. The situation escalated further with the arrival of vehicles of the regime-affiliated Christian Sootoro militia and one YPG fighter was reportedly seriously injured.

[98]

In another incident, a 14-year-old girl was forcibly recruited.

[99]

Local Kurdish residents in

Amuda

had rallied against forcible recruitment of minors.

[100]

Oppression against other political parties

[ edit ]

The 2014 report by

Human Rights Watch

documented the alleged cases of "arbitrary arrests" and "unfair trials" that had occurred since the beginning of the revolution in 2012.

[101]

PYD and YPG officials claim that the few proven instances of misconduct are isolated incidents and not tolerated.

[81]

According to Kurdwatch several incidents allegedly involved assassination, violence, torture, or expulsion of political opponents of PYD militias. In one incident, the Asayiş, the security service of the Democratic Union Party (PYD), expelled two Yekîtî (rival Kurdish party) members from their homes in

Rumaylan . [102] Economy [ edit ]

In 2012, the PYD launched what it originally called the Social Economy Plan, later renamed the People's Economy Plan (PEP). The PEP's policies are based primarily on the work of

Abdullah Öcalan

and ultimately seek to move beyond

capitalism in favor of democratic confederalism . [103] Private property

and entrepreneurship are protected under the principle of "ownership by use", although accountable to the democratic will of locally organized councils. Dr Dara Kurdaxi, a Rojavan economist, has said that: "The method in Rojava is not so much against private property, but rather has the goal of putting private property in the service of all the peoples who live in Rojava."

[104] [note 2]

The private sector is comparatively small, with the focus being on expanding social ownership of production and management of resources through communes and collectives. Several hundred instances of

collectivization

have occurred across towns and villages in all three cantons, with each commune consisting of approximately 20-35 people.

[105]

According to the Ministry of Economics, approximately three quarters of all property has been placed under community ownership and a third of production has been transferred to direct management by

workers councils . [106]

There are also no taxes on the people or businesses in Rojava. Instead money is raised through border crossings, and selling oil or other natural resources.

[107] [108]

Trade as well as access to both humanitarian and military aid is difficult as Rojava remains under a strict embargo enforced by Turkey.

[109] Price controls

are managed by democratic committees per canton, which can set the price of basic goods such as for food and medical goods. This mechanism can also be used for managing public production to, for instance, produce more wheat to keep prices low for important goods.

[108]

The government is seeking outside investment to build a power plant and a fertilizer factory.

[110] Resources [ edit ]

Oil and food production exceeds demand

[62]

so exports include oil and agricultural products such as sheep, grain and cotton. Imports include consumer goods and auto parts.

[111]

The border crossing of Yaroubiyah is intermittently closed by the

Kurdistan Regional Government

side. Turkey does not allow Syrian Kurd businesspeople or their goods to cross its border

[112]

although Rojava would like the border to be opened.

[113]

Before the war, Al-Hasakah governorate was producing about 40,000 barrels of crude oil a day. However, during the war the oil refinery has been only working at 5% capacity due to lack of refining chemicals. Some people work at primitive oil refining, which causes more pollution.

[114]

In 2014, the Syrian government was still paying some state employees,

[115]

but fewer than before.

[116]

The Rojavan government says that "none of our projects are financed by the regime".

[113] Military and police [ edit ] PYD checkpoint in Afrin (August 2012) Main articles: People's Protection Units and Sutoro

The DBK's armed wing is the

People's Protection Units ( Yekîneyên Parastina Gel

, YPG). Military service was declared compulsory in July 2014

[117]

due to the ongoing war against

Daesh .

The People's Protection Units was founded by the PYD party after the

2004 Qamishli clashes

, but it was not active until the Syrian Civil War.

[118]

As of the signing of the Arbil Agreement by the PYD and

Kurdish National Council

(KNC), the YPG came under the nominal command of the

Kurdish Supreme Committee

, although in reality it is almost exclusively still the armed wing of the PYD.

[119] The Sutoro

is a Christian militia defending Assyrian areas. The police function in Rojava-controlled areas is performed by the

Asayish armed formation.

The YPG is a trained force utilising snipers and mobile weaponry to launch hit-and-run attacks and maneuvre quickly.

Relying on speed, stealth, and surprise, it is the archetypal guerrilla army, able to deploy quickly to front lines and concentrate its forces before quickly redirecting the axis of its attack to outflank and ambush its enemy. The key to its success is autonomy. Although operating under an overarching tactical rubric, YPG brigades are inculcated with a high degree of freedom and can adapt to the changing battlefield.

[86]

The YPG is finding resupply difficult.

[120]

The existing police force is trained in non-violent conflict resolution as well as feminist theory before being allowed access to a weapon. Directors of the Asayiş police academy have said that the long-term goal is to give all citizens six weeks of police training before ultimately eliminating the police.

[121] Demographics [ edit ] Further information: Kurds in Syria and Demographics of Syria Ethnicity [ edit ]

Most of the people in Rojava are ethnic

Kurds . [62] Especially in Jazira Canton

there are settlements of

Arabs

. Most of the people in

Khanik and Al-Malikiyah in Jazira Canton are Assyrian

. There are also

Turkmens and Armenians . Religion [ edit ]

Most people in Rojava are

Muslim but some are Christian

. There are also other minorities such as

Zoroastrians and Yazidism

, but a lot of Kurdish people in Rojava defend

laicism

. Interfaith relations are good.

[122] Languages spoken [ edit ] Kurdish , Arabic , Turkish

(Syrian Turkmen dialect) and

Syriac-Aramaic are spoken. Population centres [ edit ] Qamishli

is the largest city in Jazira canton.

Kobane and Efrin

are the principal cities of the other cantons.

Foreign relations [ edit ] Main article:

Foreign relations of Rojava

Turkey claims the YPG is the same as the

PKK

, which is considered a terrorist organisation by the EU, NATO, US, and Turkey itself. However, YPG leaders insist that the PKK is a separate organization.

[123]

In 2014 Turkey was accused of supporting ISIS attacks on the YPG, allowing them to conduct attacks from the Turkish border and providing logistical support.

[124]

There is military cooperation with

Iraqi Kurdistan and the USA .

In January 2015, a

UK

parliament committee asked the government to explain and justify its policy of not working with the Rojava military to combat

ISIS . [125] France

is supportive of Rojava.

[126] See also [ edit ] Iranian Kurdistan Iraqi Kurdistan Turkish Kurdistan Yazidis in Syria Notes [ edit ] Jump up^

Modern Kurdistan is of much greater extent than the ancient Assyria, and is composed of two parts the Upper and Lower: In the former is the province of Ardelan, the ancient Arropachatis, now nominally a part of Irak Ajami, and belonging to the north west division called Al Jobal. It contains five others, namely, Betlis, the ancient Carduchia, lying to the south and south west of the lake Van. East and south east of Betlis is the principality of Julamerick, south west of it is the principality of Amadia. The fourth is Jeezera ul Omar, a city on an island in the Tigris, which corresponds to the ancient city of Bezabde. The fifth and largest is Kara Djiolan, with a capital of the same name. The pashalics of Kirkook and Solimania also comprise part of Upper Kurdistan. Lower Kurdistan comprises all the level tract to the east of the Tigris, and the minor ranges immediately bounding the plains and reaching thence to the foot of the great range, which may justly be denominated the Alps of western Asia.

A Dictionary of Scripture Geography 1846, John Miles.

[24] Jump up^

This and other aspects of the Rojava revolution have led some anti-capitalists to criticise the revolution for not going far enough e.g.

'Anarchist Federation statement on the Rojava revolution'

; Gilles Dauve,

'Rojava: reality and rhetoric'

; Alex de Jong,

'Stalinist caterpillar into libertarian butterfly? - the evolving ideology of the PKK'

; Anti War,

''I have seen the future and it works.' – Critical questions for supporters of the Rojava revolution'

,

'The grim reality of the Rojava Revolution - from an anarchist eyewitness'

and Devrim Valerian,

'The bloodbath in Syria: class war or ethnic war?'

. Other anti-capitalists have been significantly less critical e.g. David Graeber,

'No. This is a Genuine Revolution'

; Janet Biehl,

'Poor in means but rich in spirit'

,

'From Germany to Bakur'

and the Kurdistan Anarchist Forum References [ edit ] Jump up^ http://basnews.com/en/News/Details/Syrian-Defense-Minister-in-Qamishli--We-won-t-let-anyone-take-Hasakah/21882 Jump up^

"ISIS suicide attacks target Syrian Kurdish capital - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East"

. Al-Monitor

. Retrieved 18 February 2015.

Jump up^

"West Kurdistan divided into three cantons"

. ANF

. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2014.

Jump up^ Jongerden, Joost.

"Rethinking Politics and Democracy in the Middle East"

(PDF)

. Retrieved 8 September 2013.

Jump up^ Ocalan, Abdullah (2011). Democratic Confederalism (PDF) . ISBN 978-0-9567514-2-3

. Retrieved 8 September2013.

Jump up^

Ocalan, Abdullah (2 April 2005).

"The declaration of Democratic Confederalism"

. KurdishMedia.com

. Retrieved8 September 2013.

Jump up^

"Bookchin devrimci mücadelemizde yaşayacaktır"

. Savaş Karşıtları

(in Turkish). 26 August 2006. Retrieved8 September 2013.

Jump up^

Wood, Graeme (26 October 2007).

"Among the Kurds" . The Atlantic

. Retrieved 8 September 2013.

Jump up^

Estimate as of mid November 2014, including numerous refugees. "Rojava's population has nearly doubled to about 4.6 million. The newcomers are Sunni and Shia Syrian Arabs who have fled from violence taking place in southern parts of Syria. There are also Syrian Christians members of the Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church, Syriac Catholic Church, Syriac Orthodox Church, and others, driven out by Islamist forces.

"In Iraq and Syria, it's too little, too late"

. Ottawa Citizen. 14 November 2014.

Jump up^

"Barzanî xêra rojavayê Kurdistanê dixwaze"

. Avesta Kurd

(in Kurdish). 15 July 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2015.

Jump up^

"Yekîneya Antî Teror a Rojavayê Kurdistanê hate avakirin"

.

Ajansa Nûçeyan a Hawar

(in Kurdish). 7 April 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.

Jump up^

The secret garden of the Syrian Kurdistan

Jump up^

"The Constitution of the Rojava Cantons"

. Retrieved14 May 2015.

Jump up^

"Fight For Kobane May Have Created A New Alliance In Syria: Kurds And The Assad Regime"

. International Business Times

. 8 October 2014. Retrieved 18 February2015.

Jump up^

"Kurds regain 15km of Kobane countryside, killing dozens of IS militants"

. Retrieved 7 August 2015.

Jump up^

Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland

, (2014), by Ofra Bengio, University of Texas Press

Jump up^

"A Small Key Can Open A Large Door"

. Combustion Books. Retrieved 23 May 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b

Kreyenbroek, P.G.; Sperl, S. (1992).

The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview

. Routledge. p. 114.

ISBN 0415072654 . Jump up^ Tejel, Jordi (2008).

Syria's Kurds: history, politics and society

(1. publ. ed.). London: Routledge. p. 9.

ISBN 0415424402 . Jump up^

Winter, Stefan (2009). "Les Kurdes de Syrie dans les archives ottomanes (XVIIIe siècle)".

Études Kurdes 10 : 125–156. Jump up^

Salibi, Kamal S. (1990).

A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered

. University of California Press. p. 154.

ISBN 9780520071964 . Jump up^ Carsten Niebuhr (1778).

Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und andern umliegenden Ländern. (Mit Kupferstichen u. Karten.) - Kopenhagen, Möller 1774-1837

(in German). p. 389.

Jump up^

Stefan Sperl, Philip G. Kreyenbroek (1992).

The Kurds a Contemporary Overview

. London: Routledge. pp. 145–146.

ISBN 0-203-99341-1 . ^ Jump up to: a b

A Dictionary of Scripture Geography, p 57, by John Miles, 486 pages, Published 1846, Original from Harvard University

Jump up^ David McDowall (2004).

A Modern History of the Kurds: Third Edition

. p. 137. Jump up^

R. S. Stafford (2006).

The Tragedy of the Assyrians

. p. 25. Jump up^

Hovannisian, Richard G., 2007. [The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies

https://books.google.com/books?id=K3monyE4CVQC&pg=PA271&dq=assyrian+genocide+by+kurds+in+syria&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BS1kVLqiGcOsyATv34DoCA&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Amuda&f=false

]. Accessed on 11 November 2014.

[ dead link ] Jump up^

R. S. Stafford (2006).

The Tragedy of the Assyrians

. pp. 24–25. Jump up^

Joan A. Argenter, R. McKenna Brown (2004).

On the Margins of Nations: Endangered Languages and Linguistic Rights

. p. 199. Jump up^

Lazar, David William, not dated.

A brief history of the plight of the Christian Assyrians* in modern day Iraq

. American Mespopotamian. ^ Jump up to: a b

R. S. Stafford (2006).

The Tragedy of the Assyrians

. p. 24. Jump up^

"Ray J. Mouawad, Syria and Iraq – Repression Disappearing Christians of the Middle East"

. Middle East Forum. 2001. Retrieved 20 March 2015.

Jump up^ Bat Yeʼor (2002).

Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide

. p. 162. Jump up^

Abu Fakhr, Saqr, 2013.

As-Safir daily Newspaper, Beirut. in Arabic

Christian Decline in the Middle East: A Historical View

Jump up^ Chatty, Dawn, 2010.

Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East

. Cambridge University Press. pp. 230-232.

Jump up^ McDowell, David (2005).

A modern history of the Kurds

(3. revised and upd. ed., repr. ed.). London [u.a.]: Tauris. p. 469.

ISBN 1850434166 . Jump up^ Bat Yeʼor (2002).

Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide

. p. 159. Jump up^ Jordi Tejel (2008).

Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society

. p. 147. Jump up^

Keith David Watenpaugh (2014).

Being Modern in the Middle East: Revolution, Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class

. p. 270. Jump up^

"Efrîn Economy Minister: Rojava Challenging Norms Of Class, Gender And Power"

. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e

"Persecution and Discrimination against Kurdish Citizens in Syria"

(PDF) .

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f

"SYRIA: The Silenced Kurds; Vol. 8, No. 4(E)"

. Human Rights Watch . ^ Jump up to: a b c d

Jordi Tejel; Welle, Jane (2009).

Syria's kurds history, politics and society

(1. publ. ed.). London: Routledge. pp. X–X.

ISBN 0-203-89211-9 . External link in |title= ( help ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d

Turkey Prefers Islamic State to Kurdish State

, Gatestone Institute, 5. July 2015

Jump up^

"A murder stirs Kurds in Syria"

.

The Christian Science Monitor

. ^ Jump up to: a b

"More Kurdish Cities Liberated As Syrian Army Withdraws from Area"

. Rudaw

. 20 July 2012. Retrieved27 July 2012.

Jump up^

"Armed Kurds Surround Syrian Security Forces in Qamishli"

. Rudaw

. 22 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.

Jump up^

"Girke Lege Becomes Sixth Kurdish City Liberated in Syria"

. Rudaw

. 24 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.

^ Jump up to: a b c

"Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic: Twenty-seventh session"

.

UN Human Rights Council

. Jump up^

"Kurds battle Assad's forces in Syria, opening new front in civil war"

. Reuters. 17 January 2015. Retrieved25 February 2015.

Jump up^

Kurds take on Syria regime in Qamishli

Jump up^

Perry, Tom (17 June 2015).

"Syria Kurds seek bigger role after victories"

. TDS. Reuters. Retrieved 17 June 2015.The Kurds' alliance with Washington has fueled suspicions in Damascus of a conspiracy to break up Syria, while the Kurds are irritated by what they see as government attempts to recover lost influence in the region

Jump up^

"Kurdish Supreme Committee in Syria Holds First Meeting"

. Rudaw. 27 July 2012. Retrieved 6 January2014.

^ Jump up to: a b

"Now Kurds are in charge of their fate: Syrian Kurdish official"

. Rudaw. 29 July 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2014.

Jump up^

"PYD Announces Surprise Interim Government in Syria's Kurdish Regions"

. Rudaw . Jump up^ http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/29059-the-no-state-solution-institutionalizing-libertarian-socialism-in-kurdistan ^ Jump up to: a b

"Charter of the social contract in Rojava (Syria)"

. Jump up^

"ROJAVA: POLITICAL STRUCTURE OBSCURED BY HEADLINES"

. Jump up^

"A Very Different Ideology in the Middle East"

. Jump up^

"The experiment of West Kurdistan (Syrian Kurdistan) has proved that people can make changes"

. Anarkismo.net. Retrieved 21 October 2014.

Jump up^

"War with Isis: The forgotten, plucky Kurds under siege in their enclave on Syria's border with Turkey"

. Independent. 13 November 2014.

^ Jump up to: a b c d

"Striking out on their own"

. The Economist . Jump up^

"Western Kurdistan's Governmental Model Comes Together"

. The Rojava Report

. Retrieved 18 February2015.

Jump up^ http://civaka-azad.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/info7.pdf

Der Gesellschaftsvertrag von Rojava

Jump up^ http://www.kurdishinstitute.be/charter-of-the-social-contract/ Rojava constitution Jump up^ http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/43/43031/3.html

"Die Quelle der Macht ist die Bevölkerung" - Die Gesellschaftsordnung

Jump up^ http://civiroglu.net/the-constitution-of-the-rojava-cantons/

The Constitution of the Rojava Cantons

Jump up^ http://diestandard.at/2000007923844/Syrische-Kurden-verkuenden-gleiche-Rechte-fuer-Frauen

Syrische Kurden verkünden gleiche Rechte für Frauen

Jump up^

"Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic: Twenty-fifth session"

.

UN Human Rights Council

. Jump up^

"Selected testimonies from victims of the Syrian conflict: Twenty-seventh session"

(PDF) .

UN Human Rights Council

. Jump up^

"Syrian Kurds say thwart big Islamic State attack on border town"

. Reuters, Yahoo News . Jump up^

"HRW: ISIS murdered 233 civilians in Kobanê since June"

. Dicle News Agency . Jump up^

"Syria crisis: Islamic State 'kills 120 civilians' in Kobane"

. BBC News . Jump up^

"Islamic State kills at least 145 civilians in Syria's Kobani"

. Reuters . Jump up^

"ISIS 'kills at least 146 civilians' in Kobane, activists say"

. Yahoo News . Jump up^

"Mass Killings by ISIS Fighters in Syrian Kurdish Town"

.

The New York Times

. Jump up^

"Isis in Kobani: Why we ignore the worst of the massacres"

. The Independent . Jump up^

"Syria Islamic State: Kurds 'claim control over Kobane'"

. BBC News . Jump up^

"Kurdish fighters retake Syria's Kobani"

. The Daily Mail . ^ Jump up to: a b

"New interview: Nurman Ibrahim Khalifah, Student: They told her: "This PKK bullet is too good for you!" and shot her in the head"

. KurdWatch

. Retrieved 26 June2015.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f

"Syria: Abuses in Kurdish-run Enclaves"

. Human Rights Watch . 2014-06-18. Jump up^

"Daily Reports on Violations of Human Rights in Syria: 12/03/2015"

.

Syrian Human Rights Committee

. Retrieved27 June 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b

"Thousands of Arabs driven out by Kurds' ethnic cleansing"

. The Times. 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2014.

Jump up^

"Syrian Kurds give women equal rights, snubbing jihadists"

. Yahoo. Jump up^

"Rights Official Speaks of Situation in Rojava, PYD Challenges"

. ^ Jump up to: a b

"Analysis: YPG - the Islamic State's worst enemy"

. Jump up^

"ʿAfrin: PYD kidnaps and tortures teenager and demands that she leave the country"

. KurdWatch

. Retrieved26 June 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b

"Kurdish Fighters Seize Large Parts of IS Border Stronghold"

.

The New York Times

. Jump up^

"Syrian Kurds battle Islamic State for town at Turkish border"

. Reuters . Jump up^

"Al-Hasakah: YPG expels Arab village residents"

. KurdWatch

. Retrieved 26 June 2015.

Jump up^

"Qamishli: YPG captures IS‑strongholds in al‑Hasakah"

. KurdWatch

. Retrieved 26 June 2015.

Jump up^

"Von 'ethnischen Säuberungen' in Til Abyad gegen die Araber oder Turkmenen kann keine Rede sein."

, Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker, 26. Juni 2015

^ Jump up to: a b https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/10/syria-us-allys-razing-of-villages-amounts-to-war-crimes/ ^ Jump up to: a b http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34511134 Jump up^ http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Amnesty-accuses-US-backed-Syrian-Kurdish-group-of-demolishing-homes-423773 Jump up^

"Syria: Kurdish Forces Violating Child Soldier Ban Despite Promises, Children Still Fight"

. Human Rights Watch

. Retrieved 15 July 2015.

Jump up^

"ʿAfrin: Mass forcible recruitment now also taking place in ʿAfrin"

. KurdWatch

. Retrieved 26 June 2015.

Jump up^

"Al-Qamishli: Christians resist forcible recruitment"

. KurdWatch

. Retrieved 26 June 2015.

Jump up^

"Al-Qamishli: PYD recruits fourteen-year-old against her parents' will"

. KurdWatch

. Retrieved 26 June 2015.

Jump up^

"Demonstration against forcible recruitment of minors"

. KurdWatch

. Retrieved 26 June 2015.

Jump up^

"Under Kurdish Rule: Abuses in PYD-run Enclaves of Syria"

. Human Rights Watch.

Jump up^

"Rumaylan: Asayiş demands that Yekîtî politicians leave their homes"

. KurdWatch

. Retrieved 26 June 2015.

Jump up^

A Small Key Can Open a Large Door: The Rojava Revolution

(1st ed.). Strangers In A Tangled Wilderness. Mar 4, 2015.

Jump up^ Michael Knapp,

'Rojava – the formation of an economic alternative: Private property in the service of all'

. Jump up^ http://sange.fi/kvsolidaarisuustyo/wp-content/uploads/Dr.-Ahmad-Yousef-Social-economy-in-Rojava.pdf Jump up^

A Small Key Can Open a Large Door: The Rojava Revolution

(1st ed.). Strangers In A Tangled Wilderness. Mar 4, 2015. According to Dr. Ahmad Yousef, an economic co-minister, three-quarters of traditional private property is being used as commons and one quarter is still being owned by use of individuals...According to the Ministry of Economics, worker councils have only been set up for about one third of the enterprises in Rojava so far.

Jump up^

"Poor in means but rich in spirit"

. Ecology or Catastrophe

. Retrieved 18 February 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b

"Efrîn Economy Minister Yousef: Rojava challenging norms of class, gender and power"

. Retrieved 18 February2015.

Jump up^

"Das Embargo gegen Rojava"

. TATORT (Kurdistan Delegation). Retrieved 7 August 2015.

Jump up^

"Poor in means but rich in spirit"

. Ecology or Catastrophe

. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

Jump up^

"Kurds Fight Islamic State to Claim a Piece of Syria"

.

The Wall Street Journal

. Jump up^

"Syrian Kurds risk their lives crossing into Turkey"

. Middle East Eye. 2014-12-29. Retrieved 11 January 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b

"Efrîn Economy Minister: Rojava Challenging Norms Of Class, Gender And Power"

. 2014-12-22. Jump up^

"Control of Syrian Oil Fuels War Between Kurds and Islamic State"

.

The Wall Street Journal

. 23 November 2014.

Jump up^

"Flight of Icarus? The PYD's Precarious Rise in Syria"

(PDF)

. International Crisis Group.

Jump up^ "Zamana LWSL" . Jump up^

"YPG's Mandatory Military Service Rattles Kurds"

. 27 August 2014.

Jump up^

Gold, Danny (31 October 2010).

"Meet the YPG, the Kurdish Militia That Doesn't Want Help from Anyone"

. Vice

. Retrieved 9 October 2014.

Jump up^

van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (5 April 2013).

"Conflict Intensifies in Syria's Kurdish Area"

. Syria Pulse

(Al Monitor). Retrieved 9 October 2014.

Jump up^

"Volunteering with the Kurds to fight IS"

. BBC. Jump up^ https://zcomm.org/znetarticle/no-this-is-a-genuine-revolution/ Jump up^

"Could Christianity be driven from Middle East?"

. BBC. 15 April 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2015.

Jump up^

"Meet America's newest allies: Syria's Kurdish minority"

. CNN. Jump up^

"Research Paper: ISIS-Turkey List"

. The Huffington Post

. Retrieved 18 February 2015.

Jump up^

"Build Kurdistan relationship or risk losing vital Middle East partner"

. Jump up^

"Hollande-PYD meeting challenges Erdogan"

. Retrieved7 August 2015.

External links [ edit ]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to

Kurdish inhabited regions in Syria

.

The Constitution of the Rojava Cantons

BBC documentary: Rojava: Syria's Secret Revolution

Resources on the Rojava revolution in West Kurdistan (Syria)

'Rojava Revolution' Reading Guide

Prof. Harvey: Rojava must be defended

. ANF News

, April 14, 2015.

Discussion about Rojava on Reddit

'The Time of Theory is Over. Now is the Time of Action' - account from a European resident in Rojava

.

'A Personal Account of Rojava' - from the Lions Of Rojava website

.

'Ask Me About Rojava: Been Here 3 Months' at Reddit

. [ show ] v t e Rojava articles [ show ] v t e Syrian Civil War Categories : Kurds in Syria Rojava Geography of Kurdistan Geography of Syria Autonomous regions Secession in Syria Syrian Civil War Syrian Kurdish people Iraq–Syria border Syria–Turkey border Upper Mesopotamia

States and territories established in 2013

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22nd May Sargipally,Bolangir An Innocent poor SC girl Snehalata (15 yrs matric passed girl) raped n murdered by bloddy bastards n also they ...

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ചിലർ കൂടിയ വയർ കുറയ്ക്കാനായി 'യോഗാ' ചെയ്യുന്നു.. ഭൂരിപക്ഷമിവിടെ ഒട്ടിയ വയറ് കൂട്ടാൻ മാർഗ്ഗമില്ലാതെ എല്ലാം ഒരു " യോഗ"മാണെന്...

Sorry to post these Horrible Photos.Be brave enough to face the Indian reality of Class Caste hegemony role of genocide culure,the BRUTE Apartheid.I am afraid that I have to shock you if you happen to be human enough!However biometric robotic clones have no mind or heart as most of us remain headless chicken as they describe:KABANDH! Palash Biswas

WARNIG:GRAPHIC PHOTO Sorry to post these Horrible Photos.Be brave enough to face the Indian reality of Class Caste hegemony role of genoc...

मजबूरी का नाम बाबासाहेब डा.भीमराव अंबेडकर पलाश विश्वास

मजबूरी का नाम बाबासाहेब डा.भीमराव अंबेडकर पलाश विश्वास जबूत कर रहे हैं। आरएसएस, भाजपा और भारतीय राज्य एक बार फिर बाबासाहेब आंबे...

सबसे पहले हम मान लें यह हिंदू राष्ट्र है सन् 47 से,तभी मुकाबला संभव है हिंदू साम्राज्यवाद का आरक्षण नहीं,पुणे करार लागू राजनीतिक संरक्षण में सीमाबद्ध है समता और सामाजिक न्याय,इससे बहुजनों को कोई अवसर नहीं, मुक्ति असंभव धरती रोज काँपती है और महानगरीय सभ्

सबसे पहले हम मान लें यह हिंदू राष्ट्र है सन् 47 से,तभी मुकाबला संभव है हिंदू साम्राज्यवाद का आरक्षण नहीं,पुणे करार लागू राजनीतिक संरक्षण में...

এ কোথায় চলেছি আমরা? কোন পিশাচের আস্তানায়? কারা লুঠে নিচ্ছে বাঙালির আত্মপরিচয়? রামমোহন, বিদ্যাসাগর, ডিরোজিও র সব ঋণ শোধবোধ? মিছে ছিল বাংলার নবজাগরণ?

Sourav Chakrabarti October 17 at 10:55pm · এ কোথায় চলেছি আমরা? কোন পিশাচের আস্তানায়? কারা লুঠে নিচ্ছে বাঙালির আত্মপরিচয়? রামমোহন,...

लीजिये,तैयार है आपको जिबह करने के लिए हिंदुस्तानी गिलोटिन! माफ कीजियेगा।हकीकत कोई मुगल गार्डन नहीं होता,जहां आप गुले गुलबहार हो जायें।हकीकत के झटके किसी ज्वालामुखी से बह निकलने वाले लावे से भी भयंकर बहते हुए बिजली के तार हैं या फिर ऐसी सुनामी है,जिसमें तमाम लाशें लौट फिरकर आपकी गोद में जमा हो जाती हैं एकदम ताजा। हिंदुत्व के नर्क में वापसी पर हमारे आदरणीय मित्र आनंद तेलतुबंड़े ने लिखा है और हम उनसे बेहतर लिख नहीं सकते हैं।समयांतर के ताजा अंक में फिर जाति उन्मूलन के प्रसंग को झूठ के कारोबार शीर्षक से साफ किया है।अंबेडकर आर्ग में बाबासाहेब का यह आलेख भी डिजिटल उन्हींका लगाया हुआ है।अब हकीकत की जमीन प खड़े होकर जाति उन्मूलन का असलियत का जायका भी लें जरा। पलाश विश्वास

लीजिये,तैयार है आपको जिबह करने के लिए हिंदुस्तानी गिलोटिन! माफ कीजियेगा।हकीकत कोई मुगल गार्डन नहीं होता,जहां आप गुले गुलबहार हो जायें।हकीकत ...

Making India without labour laws and rights! It is Full SCALE War as it in COMPLETE HIRE and Fire in an era of Total PRIVATIZATION.It is Making in!Get ready for SACRIFICE! Jo kama le vah ban gaya baki chale jayenge Baster ke advasiyo ke sath marne!Says the best news person I have seen ,Amit Prakash Singh! Productivity linked wage means freedom of retrenchment as it is really.Only thing we could not confirm is that government of India plans to sack anyone at First April,2016 as soon as the seventh pay commission is implemented if the employee is fifty years old and quite odd in the system. It is going to happen!. We have seen VRS! We have seen DISINVESTMENT! We have seen SELL OFF Outright! We Have seen Shutters Down! Employees and Trade Unions concentrated only on Payscales and Allowances! No problems,whoever survives,would enjoy seven star life.but for others it is doom`s day! Palash Biswas

Making India without labour laws and rights! It is Full SCALE War as it in COMPLETE HIRE and Fire in an era of Total PRIVATIZATION.It is Ma...

जीना है तो मरना सीखो कदम कदम पर लड़ना सीखो बीस ट्रिलियन डालर की चमचमाती इकोनामी में अंध मध्ययुग का पुनरूत्थान।भारत फिर वही सांप सपेरों,ओझा,साधुओं साध्वियों,जादू,तत्र मंत्र यंत्र ज्योतिष और योग वियोग का देश,बाकीर सालाना चालीस बिलियन डालर की विदेशी पूंजी का अबाध निवेश हम तो अपने आसोपास खूब देख रहे हैं कि एको मकान,एको दुकान,एको जमीन कई कई दफा फर्जी कागजात के सहारे बिकते हुए। तो मोदी महाराज ई सोने की चिड़िया जो इंडिया रहबै करै हैं,उसे कितनी बार किस किस के हाथों बेचने का इंतजाम कर रहे हैं और ई का कि दुनियाभर के हुक्मरान भी वइसन बुरबकै बनेला है,जइसन हमार इंडियाइंक। पलाश विश्वास

जीना है तो मरना सीखो कदम कदम पर लड़ना सीखो बीस ट्रिलियन डालर की चमचमाती इकोनामी में अंध मध्ययुग का पुनरूत्थान।भारत फिर वही सांप सपेरों...

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I know that Ashkji had been so much worried about ...

Bajrangi Linguistics

साजिशों की दास्तान “आपरेशन अक्षरधाम” समीक्षा - अवन...

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We have latest agenda of Hinutva isseued by no one...

चीन चोइट्याउनेलाई मन्त्रीको चिट्ठा

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If this happens again, I will seriously think of l...

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महत्वपूर्ण खबरें और आलेख

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Gonojagoron Moncho projonmochottar@gmail.com wrote...

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