Basics of Chemistry -- Chemistry and Measurement -- Modern Chemistry: A Brief Glimpse -- Experiment and Explanation -- Law of Conservation of Mass -- Matter: Physical State and Chemical Constitution -- Measurement and Significant Figures -- SI Units -- Derived Units -- Units and Dimensional Analysis (Factor-Label Method) -- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions -- Atomic Theory of Matter -- The Structure of the Atom -- Nuclear Structure -- Atomic Masses -- Periodic Table of the Elements -- Chemical Formulas -- Organic Compounds -- Naming Simple Compounds -- Writing Chemical Equations -- Balancing Chemical Equations -- Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations -- Molecular Mass and Formula Mass -- The Mole Concept -- Mass Percentages from the Formula -- Elemental Analysis: Percentages of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen -- Determining Formulas -- Molar Interpretation of a Chemical Equation -- Amounts of Substances in a Chemical Reaction -- Limiting Reactant -- Chemical Reactions -- Ionic Theory of Solutions and Solubility Rules -- Molecular and Ionic Equations -- Precipitation Reactions -- Acid-Base Reactions -- Oxidation-Reduction Reactions -- Balancing Simple Oxidation-Reduction Equations -- Molar Concentration -- Diluting Solutions -- Gravimetric Analysis -- Volumetric Analysis -- The Gaseous State -- Gas Pressure and Its Measurement -- Empirical Gas Laws -- The Ideal Gas Law -- Stoichiometry Problems Involving Gas Volumes -- Gas Mixtures -- Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas -- Molecular Speeds -- Real Gases -- Thermochemistry -- Energy and Its Units -- Heat of Reaction -- Enthalpy and Enthalpy Change -- Thermochemical Equations -- Applying Stoichiometry to Heats of Reaction -- Measuring Heats of Reaction -- Hess's Law -- Standard Enthalpies of Formation -- Fuels -- Foods, Commercial Fuels, and Rocket Fuels -- Atomic and Molecular Structure -- Quantum Theory of the Atom -- The Wave Nature of Light -- Quantum Effects and Photons -- The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom -- Quantum Mechanics -- Quantum Numbers and Atomic Orbitals -- Electron Configurations and Periodicity -- Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle -- Building-Up Principle and the Periodic Table -- Writing Electron Configurations Using the Periodic Table -- Orbital Diagrams of Atoms -- Mendeleev's Predictions from the Periodic Table -- Some Periodic Properties -- Periodicity in the Main-Group Elements -- Ionic and Covalent Bonding -- Describing Ionic Bonds -- Electron Configurations of Ions -- Ionic Radii -- Describing Covalent Bonds -- Polar Covalent Bonds -- Writing Lewis Electron-Dot Formulas -- Delocalized Bonding: Resonance -- Exceptions to the Octet Rule -- Formal Charge and Lewis Formulas -- Bond Length and Bond Order -- Bond Energy -- Molecular Geometry and Chemical Bonding Theory -- The Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Model -- Dipole Moment and Molecular Geometry -- Valence Bond Theory -- Description of Multiple Bonding -- Principles of Molecular Orbital Theory -- Electron Configurations of Diatomic Molecules of the Second-Period Elements -- Molecular Orbitals and Delocalized Bonding -- States of Matter and Solutions -- States of Matter -- Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids -- Phase Transitions -- Phase Diagrams -- Properties of Liquids: Surface Tension and Viscosity -- Intermolecular Forces -- Classification of Solids by Type of Attraction of Units -- Crystalline Solids -- Structures of Some Crystalline Solids -- Calculations Involving Unit-Cell Dimensions -- Determining Crystal Structure by X-Ray Diffraction -- Solutions -- Types of Solutions -- Solubility and the Solution Process -- Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility -- Ways of Expressing Concentration -- Vapor Pressure of a Solution -- Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression -- Osmosis -- Colligative Properties of Ionic Solutions -- Colloids -- Chemical Reactions and Equilibrium -- Rates of Reaction -- Definition of Reaction Rate -- Experimental Determination of Rate -- Dependence of Rate on Concentration -- Change of Concentration with Time -- Temperature and Rate -- Arrhenius Equation -- Elementary Reactions -- The Rate Law and the Mechanism -- Catalysis -- Chemical Equilibrium -- Chemical Equilibrium -- A Dynamic Equilibrium -- The Equilibrium Constant -- Heterogeneous Equilibria -- Qualitatively Interpreting the Equilibrium Constant -- Predicting the Direction of Reaction -- Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations -- Removing Products or Adding Reactants -- Changing the Pressure and Temperature -- Effect of a Catalyst -- Acids and Bases -- Arrhenius Concept of Acids and Bases -- Bronsted-Lowry Concept of Acids and Bases -- Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases -- Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases -- Molecular Structure and Acid Strength -- Self-Ionization of Water -- Solutions of a Strong Acid or Base -- The pH of a Solution -- Acid-Base Equilibria -- Acid-Ionization Equilibria -- Polyprotic Acids -- Base-Ionization Equilibria -- Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions -- Common-Ion Effect -- Buffers -- Acid-Base Titration Curves -- Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria -- The Solubility Product Constant -- Solubility and the Common-Ion Effect -- Precipitation Calculations -- Effect of pH on Solubility -- Complex-Ion Formation -- Complex Ions and Solubility -- Qualitative Analysis of Metal Ions -- Thermodynamics and Equilibrium -- First Law of Thermodynamics -- Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics -- Standard Entropies and the Third Law of Thermodynamics -- Free Energy and Spontaneity -- Interpretation of Free Energy -- Relating ?G to the Equilibrium Constant -- Change of Free Energy with Temperature -- Electrochemistry -- Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in Acidic and Basic Solutions -- Construction of Voltaic Cells -- Notation for Voltaic Cells -- Cell Potential -- Standard Cell Potentials and Standard Electrode Potentials -- Equilibrium Constants from Cell Potentials -- Dependence of Cell Potential on Concentration -- Some Commercial Voltaic Cells -- Electrolysis of Molten Salts -- Aqueous Electrolysis -- Stoichiometry of Electrolysis -- Nuclear Chemistry and Chemistry of the Elements -- Nuclear Chemistry -- Radioactivity -- Nuclear Bombardment Reactions -- Radiations and Matter: Detection and Biological Effects -- Rate of Radioactive Decay -- Applications of Radioactive Isotopes -- Mass-Energy Calculations -- Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion -- Chemistry of the Main-Group Elements -- General Observations About the Main-Group Elements -- Metals: Characteristics and Production -- Bonding in Metals -- Group IVA: The Alkali Metals -- Group IIA: The Alkaline Earth Metals -- Group IIIA and Group IVA Metals -- Hydrogen -- Group IVA: The Carbon Family -- Group VA: Nitrogen and the Phosphorous Family -- Group VIA: Oxygen and the Sulfur Family -- Group VIIA: The Halogens -- Group VIIIA: The Noble Gases -- The Transition Elements and Coordination Compounds -- Periodic Trends in the Transition Elements -- The Chemistry of Two Transition Elements -- Formation and Structure of Complexes -- Naming Coordination Compounds -- Structure and Isomerism in Coordination Compounds -- Valence Bond Theory of Complexes -- Crystal Field Theory -- Organic Chemistry -- The Bonding of Carbon -- Alkanes and Cycloalkanes -- Alkenes and Alkynes -- Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- Naming Hydrocarbons -- Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen -- Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen -- Polymer Materials: Synthetic and Biological -- Synthesis of Organic Polymers -- Electrically Conducting Polymers -- Proteins -- Nucleic Acids -- Mathematical Skills -- Vapor Pressure of Water at Various Temperatures -- Thermodynamic Quantities for Substances and Ions at 25 C -- Electron Configurations of Atoms in the Ground State -- Acid-Ionization Constants at 25 C -- Base-Ionization Constants at 25 C -- Solubility Product Constants at 25 C -- Formation Constants of Complex Ions at 25 C -- Standard Electrode (Reduction) Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25 C.
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